100 research outputs found
DCQA: Document-Level Chart Question Answering towards Complex Reasoning and Common-Sense Understanding
Visually-situated languages such as charts and plots are omnipresent in
real-world documents. These graphical depictions are human-readable and are
often analyzed in visually-rich documents to address a variety of questions
that necessitate complex reasoning and common-sense responses. Despite the
growing number of datasets that aim to answer questions over charts, most only
address this task in isolation, without considering the broader context of
document-level question answering. Moreover, such datasets lack adequate
common-sense reasoning information in their questions. In this work, we
introduce a novel task named document-level chart question answering (DCQA).
The goal of this task is to conduct document-level question answering,
extracting charts or plots in the document via document layout analysis (DLA)
first and subsequently performing chart question answering (CQA). The newly
developed benchmark dataset comprises 50,010 synthetic documents integrating
charts in a wide range of styles (6 styles in contrast to 3 for PlotQA and
ChartQA) and includes 699,051 questions that demand a high degree of reasoning
ability and common-sense understanding. Besides, we present the development of
a potent question-answer generation engine that employs table data, a rich
color set, and basic question templates to produce a vast array of reasoning
question-answer pairs automatically. Based on DCQA, we devise an OCR-free
transformer for document-level chart-oriented understanding, capable of DLA and
answering complex reasoning and common-sense questions over charts in an
OCR-free manner. Our DCQA dataset is expected to foster research on
understanding visualizations in documents, especially for scenarios that
require complex reasoning for charts in the visually-rich document. We
implement and evaluate a set of baselines, and our proposed method achieves
comparable results
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The Role of Toll-Like Receptor in Inflammation and Tumor Immunity
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation enables host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), ignite immune cells to discriminate between self and non-self, and then promote the following innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulated clinical/preclinical evidences have proven TLRs to be critical role in the autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory and tumor-associated diseases. Activation of TLRs is becoming or has been a target for cancer treatment. It is shown that TLRs can induce preferable anti-tumor effect by eliciting inflammatory cytokines expression and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response. As adjuvant, TLRs agonists can launch a strong immune response to assist cancer radiotherapy and bio-chemotherapy. On the other hand, tumor-associated antigens acting as PAMPs, can also activate TLRs and induce tumor gene-related programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. While there are also arguments that the excessive TLRs expression will promote tumor deterioration in various organisms, as the TLR-induced inflammation will accelerate the cancer cells boost in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the effect of TLRs acting on cancers is still not quite clear today. In this review, we will summarize the recent researches of TLRs in cancer treatment and their role in TME, giving a brief overview on future expectation
The Roles of Formal and Informal Institutions in Small Tourism Business Development in Rural Areas of South China
Taking a livelihood perspective to study tourism has become popular in recent years, but as an essential part of livelihood analysis, institutional processes have not yet received enough attention. This study focuses on the influences of formal and informal institutions on small tourism businesses in rural areas. A case study was conducted in Hong Kong, and the entitlements framework was adopted as an analytical tool. Based on qualitative data generated from field study, this paper describes how different groups of residents rely on institutions at multiple levels to gain assets and make legitimate effective use of them through operating small tourism businesses. Results indicate that the interaction between formal and informal institutions is mediated by a variety of organisations, particularly implementation authorities at the frontline, and determines residents’ access to assets and the tourism market and subsequently, affects their start-up and operation of small tourism businesses. Informal institutions play a vital role in creating a favourable situation for local residents. However, this role may not satisfy small business owners who are non-local residents
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