C–H Hydroxylation of Phosphonates with Oxygen in [bmIm]OH To Produce Quaternary α‑Hydroxy Phosphonates

A highly efficient and mild [bmIm]­OH-catalyzed α-hydroxylation of phosphonates using O₂ as the oxygen source is described. The employment of ionic liquid under mild reaction conditions makes this transformation green and practical. Especially, this reaction provided a novel and convenient methodology for the construction of quaternary α-hydroxy phosphonates

Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of C–C Bonds in Epoxides Leading to Aryl Ketones

A novel copper-catalyzed aerobic synthesis of ketones from epoxides via cleavage of C–C single bonds has been discovered. This reaction constitutes a new transformation from epoxides into ketones

Modulation of ErbB2 Blockade in ErbB2-Positive Cancers: The Role of ErbB2 Mutations and PHLDA1

<div><p>We set out to study the key effectors of resistance and sensitivity to ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as lapatinib in ErbB2-positive breast and lung cancers. A cell-based <i>in vitro</i> site-directed mutagenesis lapatinib resistance model identified several mutations, including the gatekeeper ErbB2 mutation ErbB2-T798I, as mediating resistance. ErbB2-T798I engineered cell models indeed show resistance to lapatinib but remain sensitive to the irreversible EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, PD168393, suggestive of potential alternative treatment strategies to overcome resistance. Gene expression profiling studies identified a select group of downstream targets regulated by ErbB2 signaling and define PHLDA1 as an immediately downregulated gene upon oncogenic ErbB2 signaling inhibition. We find significant down-regulation of PHLDA1 in primary breast cancer and PHLDA1 is statistically significantly less expressed in ErbB2 negative compared with ErbB2 positive tumors consistent with its regulation by ErbB2. Lastly, PHLDA1 overexpression blocks AKT signaling, inhibits cell growth and enhances lapatinib sensitivity further supporting an important negative growth regulator function. Our findings suggest that PHLDA1 might have key inhibitory functions in ErbB2 driven lung and breast cancer cells and a better understanding of its functions might point at novel therapeutic options. In summary, our studies define novel ways of modulating sensitivity and resistance to ErbB2 inhibition in ErbB2-dependent cancers.</p></div

PHLDA1 is down-regulated in human breast cancers.

<p>A. Immunohistochemical staining of PHLDA1 in 24 primary breast cancers. The intensity of the staining of PHLDA1 was scored as 0 (no expression), 1+ (weak expression), 2+ (moderate expression) and 3+ (strong expression). SISH was used to determine ErbB2 status in human breast cancer samples. B. Statistical analysis of IHC study. C, PHLDA1 is strongly expressed in normal breast epithelium.</p

Downregulation of PHLDA1 expression upon ErbB2/EGFR inhibition.

<p>Western blot analysis following treatment with lapatinib, erlotinib and CL387,785 at 1 µm for 6, 24 and 48 hours in ErbB2-positive SkBr3 and EGFR-mutated H1975, HCC827. DMSO treatment was 48 hours. Different cell lines were used with the relevant inhibitor capable of blockade of oncogenic signaling.</p

PHLDA1 is regulated by ErbB2 inhibition at the mRNA level at 6 hours.

<p>Quantitative PCR analysis of gene regulation by lapatinib treatment for 6 hours in SkBr3 and Calu3 cells. Fold induction relative to 0 hour control was plotted after normalization by GAPDH. Δ: p<0.05;×: p<0.01; †: p<0.005; *: p<0.001.</p

Description of patient population of immunohistochemistry.

<p>NS, not significant; IDC, invasive ductal carcinoma;</p><p>ILC, invasive lobular carcinoma.</p><p>Description of patient population of immunohistochemistry.</p

Clonogenic survival assay shows that PHLDA1 overexpression could significantly enhance lapatinib sensitivity in breast cancer cells.

<p>*: p<0.001; Δ: p<0.0001. Western blotting of cell lysates with anti-HA shows equal exogenous expression of PHLDA1 in pcDNA3.1(-)-PHLDA1 transfected cells after 10 days of treatment with DMSO and 0.1 um lapatinib.</p

Antitumor effects of lapatinib and PD168393 in the ErbB2 positive lung cancer cell line, Calu3 and the ErbB2 positive breast cancer cell line, SkBr3 after 72 hour treatment.

<p>A. Cellular proliferation of Calu3 and SkBr3 cells treated with different concentrations of lapatinib and PD168393 as determined by the MTS assay. B. Lapatinib and PD168393 induce cellular apoptosis in Calu3 and SkBr3 cells. Representative Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry; the numbers represent percentage of cells in the appropriate quadrant. C. Quantification of apoptosis. D. Lapatinib induces cell cycle arrest in Calu3 cells as detected by BrdU and 7-ADD assay. R1-G1 phase; R2-G2 phase; R3-S phase; R4-G0 phase. E. Dose response of lapatinib and PD168393 on phosphorylation of ErbB2, AKT and ERK in Calu3 and SkBr3 cells in response to EGF treatment. p-ErbB2: phosphorylated ErbB2; t-ErbB2: total-ErbB2; p-AKT: phosphorylated AKT; t-AKT: total AKT; p-ERK: phosphorylated ERK; t-ERK: total ERK.</p

List of the overlapping regulated genes between ErbB2 blockade by lapatinib in SkBr3 cells and EGFR blockade by CL-387,785 in H1975 cells.

<p>List of the overlapping regulated genes between ErbB2 blockade by lapatinib in SkBr3 cells and EGFR blockade by CL-387,785 in H1975 cells.</p