Constrained tropical land temperature-precipitation sensitivity reveals decreasing evapotranspiration and faster vegetation greening in CMIP6 3 projections

AbstractOver the tropical land surface, accurate estimates of future changes in temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration are crucial for ecological sustainability, but remain highly uncertain. Here we develop a series of emergent constraints (ECs) by using historical and future outputs from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Earth System Models under the four basic Shared Socio-economic Pathway scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). Results show that the temperature sensitivity to precipitation during 2015–2100, which varies substantially in the original CMIP6 outputs, becomes systematically negative across SSPs after application of the EC, with absolute values between −1.10 °C mm−1 day and −3.52 °C mm−1 day, and with uncertainties reduced by 9.4% to 41.4%. The trend in tropical land-surface evapotranspiration, which was increasing by 0.292 mm yr−1 in the original CMIP6 model outputs, becomes significantly negative (−0.469 mm yr−1) after applying the constraint. Moreover, we find a significant increase of 58.7% in the leaf area index growth rate.</jats:p

Development of an APPLE III undulator prototype with three-dimensional force compensation for SHINE

The Shanghai high-repetition-rate XFEL and extreme light facility (SHINE) plans to install several elliptically polarizing undulators (EPUs) as afterburners behind the planar undulator section to obtain nearly saturated circularly polarized free-electron laser (FEL) radiation. Therefore, the SHINE R&amp;D project needs to develop a 4-m-long EPU with an effective magnetic field of 1.5 T, a period of 68 mm, and a minimum gap of 3 mm. A magnetic force compensation EPU prototype has recently been built and tested at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) based on the addition of permanent magnets. This prototype can realize magnetic compensation under various polarization modes in all working gaps, thereby reducing the deformation of the girders and maintaining sufficient rigidity of the mechanical structure. A girder deformation monitoring system was established to obtain real force compensation feedback. The final magnetic field measurement results meet the physical requirements, and the proposed scheme can be used as an alternative to the EPU with a high magnetic field and large magnetic force

A Comparison Effect of Copper Nanoparticles versus Copper Sulphate on Juvenile Epinephelus coioides: Growth Parameters, Digestive Enzymes, Body Composition, and Histology as Biomarkers

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are components in numerous commercial products, but little is known about their potential hazard in the marine environments. In this study the effects of Cu-NPs and soluble Cu on juvenile Epinephelus coioides were investigated. The fish were exposed in triplicate to control, 20 or 100 µg Cu L−1 as either copper sulphate (CuSO4) or Cu-NPs for 25 days. The growth performance decreased with increasing CuSO4 or Cu-NPs dose, more so in the CuSO4 than Cu-NPs treatment. Both forms of Cu exposure inhibited activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, and lipase) found in liver, stomach, and intestine. With an increase in CuSO4 and Cu-NPs dose, crude protein and crude lipid decreased, but ash and moisture increased, more so in the CuSO4 than Cu-NPs treatment. The Cu-NPs treatment caused pathologies in liver and gills, and the kinds of pathologies were broadly of the same type as with CuSO4. With an increase in CuSO4 or Cu-NPs dose, the total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, but total monounsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acids increased compared to control. Overall, these data showed that Cu-NPs had a similar type of toxic effects as CuSO4, but soluble Cu was more toxic than Cu-NPs

Erratum to: Performance evaluation of operational atmospheric correction algorithms over the East China Seas (Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, (2017), 35, 1, (1-22), 10.1007/s00343-016-5170-6)

Unfortunately for all articles of Vol. 35 No. 1 the future journal title “Journal of Oceanology and Limnology” was used instead of the current journal title “Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology”. All articles in the issue are affected. Please make sure to cite the articles with the following Vol. and No. info: Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Vol. 35 No. 1, [page range]

Erratum to : Performance evaluation of operational atmospheric correction algorithms over the East China Seas (Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, (2017), 35, 1, (1-22), 10.1007/s00343-016-5170-6)

Unfortunately for all articles of Vol. 35 No. 1 the future journal title “Journal of Oceanology and Limnology” was used instead of the current journal title “Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology”. All articles in the issue are aff ected. Please make sure to cite the articles with the following Vol. and No. info: Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Vol. 35 No. 1, [page range]