The resilience of interdependent transportation networks under targeted attack

Modern world builds on the resilience of interdependent infrastructures characterized as complex networks. Recently, a framework for analysis of interdependent networks has been developed to explain the mechanism of resilience in interdependent networks. Here we extend this interdependent network model by considering flows in the networks and study the system's resilience under different attack strategies. In our model, nodes may fail due to either overload or loss of interdependency. Under the interaction between these two failure mechanisms, it is shown that interdependent scale-free networks show extreme vulnerability. The resilience of interdependent SF networks is found in our simulation much smaller than single SF network or interdependent SF networks without flows.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Impact of Chronic Diseases Follow-up on Health Behaviors and Blood Pressure/Glucose Control of Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes in the Context of Treatment-prevention Integration

Background Hypertension and diabetes are two major chronic diseases affecting population health, and need to be controlled through chronic diseases follow-up. However, there is currently insufficient understanding of the impact of different chronic diseases follow-up forms and contents on disease control and healthy behaviors of patients. Objective To explore the impact of the chronic diseases follow-up on health behaviors and blood pressure/glucose control of patients with hypertension and diabetes in the context of treatment-prevention integration. Methods Yiyang County in Henan Province, Xianfeng County in Hubei Province and Yangqu County in Shanxi Province were selected as study sites to collect data from the basic public health information system from 2017-01-01 to 2022-06-30. Patient survey was conducted in July 2022 to collect information on basic public health follow-up receiving, health behaviors and disease control of patients. Finally, 102 769 patients with hypertension and 26 586 patients with diabetes were obtained from the basic public health information system, the data of 1 172 patients with hypertension and 456 patients with diabetes were obtained through patient surveys. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of the standard-reaching frequency of follow-up, follow-up forms and contents on health behaviors and disease control of patients. Results In 2021, the standard-reaching rates of follow-up frequency of patients with hypertension and diabetes were 90.83% (67 709/74 545) and 83.35% (13 390/16 065) , with frequency≥4 times/year as the standard. The follow-up forms included household follow-up〔25.74% (408/1 585) 〕, follow-up at institutional visits〔58.80% (932/1 585) 〕, telephone or network follow-up〔15.46% (245/1 585) 〕. The follow-up contents included blood pressure and blood glucose measurements〔91.15% (1 484/1 628) 〕, lifestyle guidance〔74.14% (1 207/1 628) 〕, disease inquiry〔70.02% (1 140/1 628) 〕, and drug use understanding〔69.29% (1 128/1 628) 〕. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with higher standard-reaching rates of follow-up frequency had higher rates of blood pressure control (OR=1.09, P<0.05) and glucose control (OR=1.31, P<0.05) , lower rates of smoking and drinking (OR=0.83, P<0.05) , and higher rates of regular exercise habits (OR=1.30, P<0.05) . The proportions of smoking and alcohol cessation (OR=2.38, P<0.05) and regular exercise habits (OR=1.62, P<0.05) were higher in the patients followed up at institutional visits than those followed up by telephone or network. The proportions of smoking and alcohol cessation (OR=2.33, P<0.05) and regular exercise habits (OR=2.54, P<0.05) of patients received household follow up were higher than those followed up by telephone or network. Patients who received lifestyle guidance, disease inquiry, and drug use understanding had higher rates of blood pressure control (OR=1.61, 1.34, and 1.62, respectively; P<0.05) , smoking and alcohol cessation (OR=3.59, 3.54, and 2.91, respectively; P<0.05) and regular exercise habits (OR=3.16, 2.15, 2.45, respectively; P<0.05) . Conclusion Receiving chronic diseases follow-up at least 4 times per year, with follow-up at institutional visits and household follow-up as the forms, provided with blood pressure and blood glucose measurements, lifestyle guidance, disease inquiry and drug use understanding as the contents in patients were positive correlated with blood pressure/glucose control, smoking and alcohol cessation, and regular exercise habits

Income of Order-oriented Medical Graduates and General Clinical Graduates: a Longitudinal Comparative Study

Background The free training for rural order-oriented medical students has trained a large number of primary health personnel for the central and western regions of China. By the summer of 2021, the first order-oriented medical graduates had completed their compulsory service and face the choice of staying or leaving. The income is an important influencing factor of their choices, however, there are still few studies on the income of order-oriented medical graduates. Objective The panel data of order-oriented medical graduate cohort study was used to compare and analyze the change trend of the income of order-oriented medical graduates and general clinical graduates in the early career, and to explore the influencing factors of the change of income. Methods Qinghai University, Guangxi Medical University, Jiujiang Medical University and Gannan Medical University were selected to establish the order-oriented medical graduate cohort every year from 2015 to 2019, matching the general clinical graduates of the same grade as controls. The baseline survey was conducted, including basic information and family information. A total of four follow-up surveys were conducted in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020, including the status of standardized resident training (hereinafter referred to as "standardized training") , passing of medical licensing examination, working conditions and other information. Fixed effects model was used to explore the factors influencing the income of order-oriented medical graduates and general clinical graduates, and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to test the stability of the results. Results In the first two years after graduation, the income of order-oriented medical graduates was higher than general clinical graduates, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . Two years after graduation, the income of order-oriented graduates was lower than general clinical graduates, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . The results of the fixed effects model showed that completion of standardized training, passing of the medical licensing examination, working position, and year of graduation were factors influencing the income of order-oriented graduates (P<0.05) . The income of order-oriented graduates who completed the standardized training decreased by 47%, and the income of the graduates who passed the medical licensing examination and promoted increased by 16% and 10%, respectively; the income of the graduates in the third, fourth and fifth years after graduation increased by 7%, 16% and 34%, respectively, compared with the first year of graduation. Job change and graduation years were the factors influencing the income of general clinical graduates (P<0.05) ; Job change increased the income of general clinical graduates by 15%, and the income of graduates in the third, fourth and fifth year after graduation increased by 27%, 83% and 101%, respectively, compared with the first year. The regression results of two-way fixed effects model showed that the completion of standardized training, passing of the medical licensing examination, job change, staffing and graduation years had different effects on the income of order-oriented graduates and general clinical graduates (P<0.05) . The regression results of two-way fixed effects model using the data after PSM showed similar to the results of the original sample with good consistency. Conclusion The starting point of income of order-oriented graduates is higher, but the growth rate is significantly lower than general clinical graduates, the income gap between them has been increasing year by year. The main reasons include the loss of training allowance after the standardized training of order-oriented graduates and the income difference caused by different working institutions. At the same time, the income of order-oriented graduates decreases with the increase of graduation time, which will seriously affect their performance and willingness of primary care

Variable Temperature Behaviour of the Hybrid Double Perovskite MA2KBiCl6

Perovskite-related materials show very promising properties in many fields. Pb-free perovskites are particularly interesting, because of the toxicity of Pb. In this study, hybrid double perovskite MA2KBiCl6 (MA = methylammonium cation) was found to have interesting variable temperature behaviours. Both variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction, synchrotron powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to reveal a rhombohedral to cubic phase transition at around 330 K and an order to disorder transition for inorganic cage below 210 K

Variable temperature behaviour of the hybrid double perovskite MA₂KBiCl₆

Perovskite-related materials show very promising properties in many fields. Pb-free perovskites are particularly interesting, because of the toxicity of Pb. In this study, hybrid double perovskite MA2KBiCl6 (MA = methylammonium cation) was found to have interesting variable temperature behaviours. Both variable temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction, synchrotron powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to reveal a rhombohedral to cubic phase transition at around 330 K and an order to disorder transition for inorganic cage below 210 K.Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Published versionThis work is funded by the career development fund from Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, grant number: C210112054

Post treatment for precise size and shape control of monodisperse CsPbBr3 nanocrystals under ambient condition using ZnBr2

A mixed passivation strategy is deployed to produce monodisperse and pure CsPbBr3 nanocrystals under ambient condition via post treatment using ZnBr2 in mixed organic solvents. This room temperature synthesis route provides precise size and shape control, and colloidal nanocubes or nanospheres can be obtained depending on the choice of organic solvents. Any secondary phases’ nucleation was inhibited. The ZnBr2 can reduce the Br− vacancies at the surface termination layers, thus enhancing their properties. This approach can potentially offer a cheap and viable route for perovskite nanocrystals in optical and electrical devices

Quantitative susceptibility mapping in combination with water-fat separation for simultaneous liver iron and fat fraction quantification

PurposesTo evaluate the feasibility of simultaneous quantification of liver iron concentration (LIC) and fat fraction (FF) using water-fat separation and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).MethodsForty-five patients suspected of liver iron overload (LIO) were included. A volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination sequence for QSM and FF, a fat-saturated gradient echo sequence for R2*, a spin echo sequence for LIC measurements and MRS analyses for FF (FF-MRS) were performed. Magnetic susceptibility and FF were calculated using a water-fat separation method (FF-MRI). Correlation and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed.ResultsMagnetic susceptibility showed strong correlation with LIC (rs=0.918). The optimal susceptibility cut-off values were 0.34, 0.63, 1.29 and 2.23 ppm corresponding to LIC thresholds of 1.8, 3.2, 7.0 and 15.0 mg/g dry weight. The area under the curve (AUC) were 0.948, 0.970, 1 and 1, respectively. No difference in AUC was found between susceptibility and R2* at all LIC thresholds. Correlation was found between FF-MRI and FF-MRS (R2=0.910).ConclusionsQSM has a high diagnostic performance for LIC quantification, similar to that of R2*. FF-MRI provides simultaneous fat quantification. Findings suggest QSM in combination with water-fat separation has potential value for evaluating LIO, especially in cases with coexisting steatosis.Key points• Magnetic susceptibility showed strong correlation with LIC (r s =0.918). • QSM showed high diagnostic performance for LIC, similar to that of R 2* . • Simultaneously estimated FF-MRI showed strong correlation with MR-Spectroscopy-based FF (R 2 =0.910). • QSM combining water-fat separation has quantitative value for LIO with coexisted steatosis

High strength Hadfield steel produced using laser powder bed fusion of mixed powders

Hadfield steel (HS) containing ∼0.83 wt% Carbon has been manufactured using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of mixed Fe-Mn, pure-Fe and Fe-C powders. Results show that the as-fabricated alloy is fully austenitic with the absence of carbides—a typical feature in the cast alloy that necessitates its solutionizing and quenching. The strength (σy = 595.5 ± 18.1 MPa, σu = 950.2 ± 28.6 MPa) and hardness (318.6 ± 7.1 HV) of the LPBF HS are superior to those of the conventionally fabricated HS, while the impact toughness is similar, and ductility is inferior. The yield strength enhancement is mainly due to the refinement in the grain size and increase in the dislocation density, which occurs due to the rapid solidification conditions that prevail during LPBF. This rapid solidification also prevents carbide formation and retain the main alloying elements (C and Mn) in solution. Thus conventional water quenching process can be completely eliminated