The role of perivascular adipose tissue-secreted adipocytokines in cardiovascular disease

Perivascular adipose tissue and the vessel wall are connected through intricate bidirectional paracrine and vascular secretory signaling pathways. The secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative products by the vessel wall in the diseased segment has the ability to influence the phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Additionally, the secretion of adipokines by perivascular adipose tissue exacerbates the inflammatory response in the diseased vessel wall. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative studies of perivascular adipose tissue are of great value in the context of vascular inflammation and may provide a reference for the assessment of cardiovascular ischemic disease

Potassium upconversion violet light generation under two-color two-photon excitation to 4D, 6S level

Two-color nanosecond dye lasers were used to excite potassium vapor cell, and 404-nm violet beam output was observed. This violet beam owns good collimation and transient properties, and its wavelength matches with the transition from potassium 52P3/2,1/2 doublet to the ground state. An analysis process shows that the violet light mechanism is attributed to two-photon-induced 42S1/2 → 42P3/2 → 42D3/2,5/2/62S1/2 transition, 42D3/2,5/2/62S1/2 → 52P3/2,1/2 SHRS (stimulated hyper-Raman scattering), and FWM (four-wave-mixing) processes; this is a third-order nonlinear optics process. Violet light doublet-line intensity ratio was found to change while fine scanning of excitation wavelength; this shifting was thought related to the FWM resonant degree. Potassium violet light is expected to become new tunable light source

Overexpression of GmHsp90s, a Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Gene Family Cloning from Soybean, Decrease Damage of Abiotic Stresses in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

<div><p>Hsp90 is one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones and is an essential component of the protective stress response; however, its roles in abiotic stress responses in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) remain obscure. Here, 12 <i>GmHsp90</i> genes from soybean were identified and found to be expressed and to function differentially under abiotic stresses. The 12 GmHsp90 genes were isolated and named <i>GmHsp90A1–GmHsp90A6</i>, <i>GmHsp90B1</i>, <i>GmHsp90B2</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1.1</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1</i>.<i>2</i>, <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.<i>1</i> and <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.<i>2</i> based on their characteristics and high homology to other Hsp90s according to a new nomenclature system. Quantitative real-time PCR expression data revealed that all the genes exhibited higher transcript levels in leaves and could be strongly induced under heat, osmotic and salt stress but not cold stress. Overexpression of five typical genes (<i>GmHsp90A2</i>, <i>GmHsp90A4</i>, <i>GmHsp90B1</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1.1</i> and <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.<i>1</i>) in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> provided useful evidences that GmHsp90 genes can decrease damage of abiotic stresses. In addition, an abnormal accumulation of proline was detected in some transgenic Arabidopsis plants suggested overexpressing GmHsp90s may affect the synthesis and response system of proline. Our work represents a systematic determination of soybean genes encoding Hsp90s, and provides useful evidence that GmHsp90 genes function differently in response to abiotic stresses and may affect the synthesis and response system of proline.</p></div

Fresh weight and pod setting percentage of transgenic Arabidopsis plant under normal or abiotic stresses.

<p>Three-week-old seedlings were saturated with water (control), PEG (8%) or NaCl (150 mM) respectively for 3 d and recovered for 5 d. Fresh weights were measured after 3 d of treatment. For heat stress, three-week-old seedlings were moved to 30°C until pod setting. Shoot fresh weights were measured when pod setting was calculated. (a) Shoot fresh weight of Arabidopsis under heat stress. (b) Pod setting percentage of Arabidopsis under heat stress. (c) Fresh weights of Arabidopsis plants under normal condition, salt and osmotic stress. Error bars indicate SD; n = 20, and plants were prepared from at least five independent plants for each repeat. The means with ‘**’ represent significant differences from each other (<i>P</i><0.01). Control, vector control plants; A2, A4, B1, C1.1, C2.1 represent the <i>GmHsp90A2</i>, <i>GmHsp90A4</i>, <i>GmHsp90B1</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1</i>.1 and <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.1 transgenic lines, respectively.</p

Multiple sequence alignment of predicted soybean HSP90 protein.

<p>Multiple-aligned sequences were determined by ClustalX, and GeneDoc was used to manually edit the results. Identical or similar acids are shown in black or gray, respectively. The HATpase_c signature sequence (red line) and signature motif ‘Y-x-[NQHD]-[KHR]-[DE]-[IVA]-F-[LM]-R-[ED]’ (yellow rectangle drawn) of Hsp90 were detected by scanning sequences against PROSITE patterns and profiles at <a href="http://web.expasy.org" target="_blank">http://web.expasy.org</a>. The motif MEEVD, KDEL, DPW which is diagnostic of cytoplasmic, ER-retention, chloroplast and mitochondrial Hsp90, respectively, was bounded by a green rectangle drawn.</p

Proline content and quantitative real-time PCR analyses of relative expressions of <i>AtP5CS1</i> in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

<p>For proline content, rosette leaf samples were taken simultaneous with other physiological traits tests. (a) Proline content of Arabidopsis plants, (b) Relative expressions of <i>AtP5CS1</i> in Arabidopsis plants. Error bars indicate SD; n = 3; and leaves were prepared from at least five independent plants for each repeat. For quantitative real-time PCR analyses, Arabidopsis plants were grown in normal conditions and rosette leaf samples were collected from three-week-old plants. An Arabidopsis <i>actin</i> gene was used as internal control for normalization. The relative mRNA level for each gene was calculated as ΔΔC_T values. The result of expression was generated by SigmaPlot 9.0. The transcript levels (means ± SD) displayed were each calculated using the qRT-PCR results of three technical repeats. Leaves of each repeat were prepared from at least five independent plants. Control, vector control plants; A2, A4, B1, C1.1, C2.1 represent the <i>GmHsp90A2</i>, <i>GmHsp90A4</i>, <i>GmHsp90B1</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1</i>.1 and <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.1 transgenic lines, respectively.</p

The growth of transgenic and control Arabidopsis plants under normal or abiotic stresses conditions.

<p>Three-week-old seedlings were saturated with water (control), PEG (8%) or NaCl (150 mM) respectively for 3 d and recovered for 5 d. For heat stress, three-week-old seedlings were moved to 30°C until pod setting. (a) Phenotype of Arabidopsis under normal conditions and osmotic or salt stress. (b) Phenotype of Arabidopsis under normal conditions and heat stress. Control, vector control plants; A2, A4, B1, C1.1, C2.1 represent the <i>GmHsp90A2</i>, <i>GmHsp90A4</i>, <i>GmHsp90B1</i>, <i>GmHsp90C1</i>.1 and <i>GmHsp90C2</i>.1 transgenic lines, respectively.</p

The nomenclature of the 12 GmHsp90 genes and protein information.

<p>The nomenclature of the 12 GmHsp90 genes and protein information.</p

Quantitative real-time PCR analyses of the relative expression fold of 12 GmHsp90 genes under different stresses in soybean.

<p>Leaves of soybean from all the treatments harvested in 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h were used for the analysis. A soybean <i>beta tubulin</i> gene was used as internal control for normalization and the relative mRNA level for each gene was calculated as ΔΔC_T values. The result of expression was processed as relative expression fold and was generated by SigmaPlot 9.0. The transcript levels (means ± SD) displayed were each calculated using the qRT- PCR results of three technical repeats. Leaves of each repeat were prepared from at least five independent plants. (a) Relative expression folds of <i>GmHsp90A1</i> and <i>GmHsp90A2</i> under heat shock. (b) Relative expression folds of <i>GmHsp90A1</i> and <i>GmHsp90A2</i> under salt and osmotic stress. (c) Relative expression folds of the remainder of GmHsp90 genes under heat stress. (d) Relative expression folds of the remainder of GmHsp90 genes under salt stress. (e) Relative expression folds of the remainder of GmHsp90 genes under osmotic tress. (f) Relative expression folds of GmHsp90 genes under cold stress. A1, <i>GmHSP90A1</i>; A2, <i>GmHSP90A2</i>; A3, <i>GmHSP90A3</i>; A4, <i>GmHSP90A4</i>; A5, <i>GmHSP90A5</i>; A6, <i>GmHSP90A6</i>; B1, <i>GmHSP90B1</i>; B2, <i>GmHSP90B2</i>; C1.1, <i>GmHSP90C1.1</i>; C1.2, <i>GmHSP90C1.2</i>; C2.1, <i>GmHSP90C2.1</i>; C2.2, <i>GmHSP90C2.2.</i></p

Phylogenetic relationships among <i>Glycine max</i> (GmHsp90) and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (AtHsp90) and expression of GmHsp90 genes in various soybean tissues.

<p>(a) Phylogenetic relationships among <i>G. max</i> (GmHsp90) and <i>A. thaliana</i> (AtHsp90). The trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining algorithm included in the MEGA4.0. software. (b) Expression of GmHsp90 genes in various soybean tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the relative transcript levels of 12 GmHsp90 genes in various tissues. The results were each calculated from three technical repeats and then quantified; the values obtained were analyzed using the Cluster 3.0 program and displayed with TreeView. Samples of each repeat were prepared from at least five independent plants. There are significantly higher transcripts levels in the leaves, and the genes from the same branch have similar expression patterns. R, root; S, stem; L, leaf; F, flowers; P, pod 10 day after flower.</p