Variation principle and the universal metric of dynamic routing

In this paper the variation principles from theoretical physics is considered that would describe the process of routing in computer networks. The total traffic which is currently served on all hops of the route has been chosen as the quantity to minimize. Universal metric function has been found for dynamic routing taking into account the packet loss effect. An attempt to derive the metric of the most popular dynamic routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, EIGRP from universal metric was made.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 14 equation

Application of geochemical model for monitoring the superviscous oil deposits development by the thermal steam methods

Heavy oil and natural bitumen deposits development is especially relevant nowadays. One of the highly efficient techniques for the development of such deposits is the steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. This work has two main objectives. The first is to build the geochemical model of a deposit on vertical and horizontal gradients of the relative content of biomarkers. And the second is to assess the feasibility of applying the derived model to monitor the development of superviscous oil deposits in the Karmalskiy deflection of the Cheremshanskoye deposit, where the SAGD technology is currently applied. The experimental part of work consists of the extraction of 35 core samples from the 8 oil well pumps, extraction of the saturated factions from the bitumen and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the selected factions in the TIC mode. The relative concentration of 6H-Farnesol (HHF) to Phytane (Ph) was selected as a simulation parameter. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is shown in horizontal and vertical gradients due to biodegradation of the organic matter throughout the whole studied area. It is also noted that in almost all wells there is a sharp increase in the HHF/Ph value at the bottom of the productive layer at a depth of 150 to 160 meters, where the most intense biodegradation of the organic matter occurs. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is stable in the context of hydrothermal processing under pressure, which indicates that it can be measured in the superviscous oil produced by the SAGD method for subsequent comparison with the geochemical model. Based on the constructed model and measured HHF/Ph ratios in the extracted superviscous oil, authors have assessed the likely ways of its tributaries to the extractive wells

Thermal transformation of bitumoid of Domanic formations of Tatarstan

The study focuses on the transformation of the composition of bitumoid in Domanic rocks during the processes of thermal impact on reservoir. Laboratory simulation of thermal effects on the sample of Domanic rocks with a high content of kerogen was taken. Study recorded significant changes in the group composition of bitumoids due to formation of hydrocarbons as a result of destruction of kerogen and set group composition of source bitumoids and ones after exposure. Analysis of the composition of the fraction of saturated hydrocarbons shows that asphaltene content in the selected bitumoids significantly increases. Thermal transformation of bitumoid led to the increase in the fraction of hydrocarbons C19-C30, which is probably due to the decomposition of part of the kerogen. The ratio of isoprenoid alkanes (pristane and phytane), which is the main indicator of the thermal maturity of the oils, is reduced by 1.5 times. Study shows increase the ration of high molecular weight alkanes to alkanes of low molecular weight by several times, which indicates an increase in the degree of maturation of organic matter. Noticeable regularities in the distribution of geochemical parameters on terpanes and sternum not detected. The study was conducted with the use of EPR spectroscopy. Comparison of intensities of the radical of the initial sample and one after the experiment revealed insignificant deviations, which shows an increase in the number of newly formed hydrocarbons during thermal degradation of kerogen. Thermal effect leads to the forming of hydrocarbons by decomposition of kerogen of Domanic rocks. Kerogen containing rocks under thermal effects can be considered as an additional source of moveable hydrocarbons

Geochemical modeling with the use of vertical and horizontal relative concentrations of oil compounds for the heavy oil fields

© 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. The purpose of this study is to detect lateral and vertical gradients of relative concentrations of compounds presented in oil, which allows assessing potential drainage zones in the reservoir during the reservoir production by steam injection. In this research new method for monitoring of steam chamber development in 2D model was created and tested. Methodology: Total hydrocarbon fraction was isolated from core extracts and analyzed by GCMS method (TIC) for detection of various compounds and assessment of lateral and vertical gradients of their concentration in lateral. It was found that the ratio of 4- and 1-methyldibenzothiophenes (MDBT) changes in lateral and in vertical directions. These changes are caused by biodegradation of organic matter. Laboratory research shows that 1-MDBT/4-MDBT ratio in native reservoir rocks is stable under high temperatures and pressure and can be easily measured by GC-MS. This measurement will allow assessment of location and direction of steam chamber propagation. In recent work the authors have developed geochemical model which can be used for assessment of oil flow directions during the development of heavy oil fields by SAGD method

Biomarker gradients of super-viscous oil as an estimation method of oil-water distribution

© 2019, © 2019 The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers (KSMER). In this article, we consider a promising method for estimating the water saturation of a super-viscous oilfield (hereinafter, SVO field) in the case of Cheremshansky oilfield, Russian Federation. A lithological description of the reservoir was carried out and gas chromatography-massspectrometry analysis of hydrocarbon fractions of core bitumoid was performed. It is shown that the ratios of certain biomarkers (methyldibenzothiophenes, 6H-Farnesol and pristane) SVO have extrema, both at the end of oil reservoir, and in the middle. Based on the fact that such dependencies indirectly indicate the distribution of water in the oil reservoir, the authors formulated the conclusion that there is no pure water reservoir (along the studied wells). Also, the authors have shown that the distribution of the ‘oil-water’ by measuring the gradients of concentrations of biomarkers SVO bears certain advantages and is a good addition to the classic geophysical methods

Research of domanic source rock by pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Georesursy LLC. We applied new novel approach based on pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (Py-GCMS) developed by Frontier Lab company (Japan) in order to get the same data as it can be acquired by using conventional core analyzer. Experimental part describes the detailed measurement procedure, temperature program and outcomes acquired by using IFP 160000 as a standard sample. We have managed to demonstrate accuracy and reproducibility of tests for the domanic source rock samples and its kerogen extracted respectively. In results of this analytical challenge we were able to get pyrograms providing the S1 (free hydrocarbons), S2 (potential hydrocarbons), Tmax (temperature at which the maximum rate of hydrocarbon generation is reached) information with level of confidence we usually could see doing conventional core analyzer tests. Some important conclusions regarding petroleum generation and thermal maturity have been made. S1 and S2 significantly decrease for kerogen samples with Tmax growth at the same time. Moreover mass spectra data of core samples pyrolizates can be collected easily to detect certain groups of compounds. Sulfur-containing compounds temperature extracted by Py-GCMS can be measured for example. Py-GCMS technology fully comply with mainstream analytical protocol for whole-rock or kerogen analysis and even more, Py-GCMS has a lot of advantages against conventional approach providing us additional valuable information about a sample

Application of geochemical model for monitoring the superviscous oil deposits development by the thermal steam methods

Heavy oil and natural bitumen deposits development is especially relevant nowadays. One of the highly efficient techniques for the development of such deposits is the steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. This work has two main objectives. The first is to build the geochemical model of a deposit on vertical and horizontal gradients of the relative content of biomarkers. And the second is to assess the feasibility of applying the derived model to monitor the development of superviscous oil deposits in the Karmalskiy deflection of the Cheremshanskoye deposit, where the SAGD technology is currently applied. The experimental part of work consists of the extraction of 35 core samples from the 8 oil well pumps, extraction of the saturated factions from the bitumen and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the selected factions in the TIC mode. The relative concentration of 6H-Farnesol (HHF) to Phytane (Ph) was selected as a simulation parameter. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is shown in horizontal and vertical gradients due to biodegradation of the organic matter throughout the whole studied area. It is also noted that in almost all wells there is a sharp increase in the HHF/Ph value at the bottom of the productive layer at a depth of 150 to 160 meters, where the most intense biodegradation of the organic matter occurs. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is stable in the context of hydrothermal processing under pressure, which indicates that it can be measured in the superviscous oil produced by the SAGD method for subsequent comparison with the geochemical model. Based on the constructed model and measured HHF/Ph ratios in the extracted superviscous oil, authors have assessed the likely ways of its tributaries to the extractive wells

Application of geochemical model for monitoring the superviscous oil deposits development by the thermal steam methods

Heavy oil and natural bitumen deposits development is especially relevant nowadays. One of the highly efficient techniques for the development of such deposits is the steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. This work has two main objectives. The first is to build the geochemical model of a deposit on vertical and horizontal gradients of the relative content of biomarkers. And the second is to assess the feasibility of applying the derived model to monitor the development of superviscous oil deposits in the Karmalskiy deflection of the Cheremshanskoye deposit, where the SAGD technology is currently applied. The experimental part of work consists of the extraction of 35 core samples from the 8 oil well pumps, extraction of the saturated factions from the bitumen and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the selected factions in the TIC mode. The relative concentration of 6H-Farnesol (HHF) to Phytane (Ph) was selected as a simulation parameter. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is shown in horizontal and vertical gradients due to biodegradation of the organic matter throughout the whole studied area. It is also noted that in almost all wells there is a sharp increase in the HHF/Ph value at the bottom of the productive layer at a depth of 150 to 160 meters, where the most intense biodegradation of the organic matter occurs. Laboratory studies have shown that the HHF/Ph ratio is stable in the context of hydrothermal processing under pressure, which indicates that it can be measured in the superviscous oil produced by the SAGD method for subsequent comparison with the geochemical model. Based on the constructed model and measured HHF/Ph ratios in the extracted superviscous oil, authors have assessed the likely ways of its tributaries to the extractive wells

Thermal transformation of bitumoid of Domanic formations of Tatarstan

The study focuses on the transformation of the composition of bitumoid in Domanic rocks during the processes of thermal impact on reservoir. Laboratory simulation of thermal effects on the sample of Domanic rocks with a high content of kerogen was taken. Study recorded significant changes in the group composition of bitumoids due to formation of hydrocarbons as a result of destruction of kerogen and set group composition of source bitumoids and ones after exposure. Analysis of the composition of the fraction of saturated hydrocarbons shows that asphaltene content in the selected bitumoids significantly increases. Thermal transformation of bitumoid led to the increase in the fraction of hydrocarbons C19-C30, which is probably due to the decomposition of part of the kerogen. The ratio of isoprenoid alkanes (pristane and phytane), which is the main indicator of the thermal maturity of the oils, is reduced by 1.5 times. Study shows increase the ration of high molecular weight alkanes to alkanes of low molecular weight by several times, which indicates an increase in the degree of maturation of organic matter. Noticeable regularities in the distribution of geochemical parameters on terpanes and sternum not detected. The study was conducted with the use of EPR spectroscopy. Comparison of intensities of the radical of the initial sample and one after the experiment revealed insignificant deviations, which shows an increase in the number of newly formed hydrocarbons during thermal degradation of kerogen. Thermal effect leads to the forming of hydrocarbons by decomposition of kerogen of Domanic rocks. Kerogen containing rocks under thermal effects can be considered as an additional source of moveable hydrocarbons

Research of domanic source rock by pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Georesursy LLC. We applied new novel approach based on pyrolytic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technology (Py-GCMS) developed by Frontier Lab company (Japan) in order to get the same data as it can be acquired by using conventional core analyzer. Experimental part describes the detailed measurement procedure, temperature program and outcomes acquired by using IFP 160000 as a standard sample. We have managed to demonstrate accuracy and reproducibility of tests for the domanic source rock samples and its kerogen extracted respectively. In results of this analytical challenge we were able to get pyrograms providing the S1 (free hydrocarbons), S2 (potential hydrocarbons), Tmax (temperature at which the maximum rate of hydrocarbon generation is reached) information with level of confidence we usually could see doing conventional core analyzer tests. Some important conclusions regarding petroleum generation and thermal maturity have been made. S1 and S2 significantly decrease for kerogen samples with Tmax growth at the same time. Moreover mass spectra data of core samples pyrolizates can be collected easily to detect certain groups of compounds. Sulfur-containing compounds temperature extracted by Py-GCMS can be measured for example. Py-GCMS technology fully comply with mainstream analytical protocol for whole-rock or kerogen analysis and even more, Py-GCMS has a lot of advantages against conventional approach providing us additional valuable information about a sample