Aplikasi Kaedah Paras Ambang dalam Menentukan Peristiwa Kemarau di Lembangan Sungai Langat, Selangor, Malaysia

Kemarau adalah fenomena yang dikaitkan dengan kekurangan air, yang pada kebiasaannya mendatangkan impak yang signifikan ke atas ekonomi, sosial dan juga alam sekitar di kawasan yang terlanda. Secara umumnya, kemarau boleh disifatkan sebagai satu keadaan sisihan yang berpanjangan daripada keadaan normal sesuatu pemboleh ubah air seperti kerpasan, aliran sungai, air bawah tanah dan lembapan tanih. Istilah keadaan normal merupakan inti terhadap mana-mana perbincangan kemarau kerana ia merupakan batasan antara kejadian kemarau atau tidak. Istilah keadaan normal juga dikenali paras ambang. Beberapa kaedah digunakan sebagai paras normal. Antaranya ialah penggunaan nilai purata, nilai median, purata dan 75% daripada purata, nilai purata tolak satu sisihan piawai dan nilai lampauan peratusan terendah yang diperolehi daripada keluk tempoh alir (KTA). Dalam konteks kajian ini, nilai lampauan (persentil - Q) daripada KTA digunakan untuk menentukan peristiwa kemarau. Tempoh 49 tahun data luahan bagi stesen Dengkil digunakan bagi menentukan nilai Q. Dengan menggunakan persentil Q70 = 16.27 m3 s -1 , Q80 = 12.91 m3 s -1 , Q90 = 9.71 m3 s -1 dan Q95 = 7.61 m3 s -1 sebagai paras ambang kemarau, didapati bilangan peristiwa kemarau, jumlah hari defisit dan jumlah defisit luahan yang terhasil adalah berbeza. Berpandukan kepada analisis, bilangan hari defisit pada paras Q95 iaitu 62 hari dengan satu peristiwa kemarau berbanding pada paras Q70 iaitu sebanyak 1971 hari dengan 25 peristiwa kemarau. Bagi jumlah defisit luahan, sebanyak 19904.17 m3 s -1 terhasil pada paras Q70 berbanding 427.55 m3 s -1 bagi paras Q95. Jumlah defisit yang dicatatkan sekitar 3.33 % daripada keseluruhan jumlah luahan. Daripada jumlah ini, 54.30 % dikategorikan sebagai kemarau biasa (Q70 – Q79.9), 30.83 % dikategorikan sebagai kemarau sederhana (Q80 – Q89.9), 12.72 % dikategorikan sederhana parah (Q90 – Q94.5) dan selebihnya iaitu 2.15 % dikategorikan parah (Q95 ke atas)

Functional changes of Malaysia’s small towns in the era of globalization: evidences from Tanjong Malim, Perak

Economic globalization has paved the way for a greater concentration of modern economic activities in metropolitan cities. Development of manufacturing and office-based economic activities together with residential areas in turn have resulted in the metropolitan cities to grow in size and eventually led to the expansion of urban region incorporating the surrounding large and small towns. However, only towns located along the development corridors will be impacted by the prevailing process, leaving other settlements relatively untouched and stagnant. This study examined current functional changes characterizing small towns in Malaysia with particular reference to Tanjong Malim, Perak. Using data obtained through observations and a household survey, the study found that there was a significant change in the role of Tanjong Malim from mainly acting as a collecting center for agricultural products to a center of manufacturing and services that provided non-farm employment opportunities to its surrounding population. This change suggested that economically Tanjong Malim was growing and would continue to play an important role as a major development centre in Perak. The finding is an important indicator that a small town located outside the mainstream development corridor is capable of transforming its role from a traditional collection centre to a more modern manufacturing and service centre if properly planned. This finding also suggests that a small town can still play a significant role in the economic development of a country even in the era of globalization that often tends to favour metropolitan regions

Relationship between Landuse Type and Temperature in Tanjong Malim, Perak

The purpose of this study is to identify whether there is a relationship between land use type and temperature in Tanjong Malim, Perak. Various analysis methodology have been examined to produce the relationship answer. One is correlation coefficient analysis. Beside that, GIS application is also used to produce temperature map. From the analysis done, they are several temperature variations detected in Tanjong Malim. Pearson correlation analysis is tested in three different situations namely average temperature for morning, noon and afternoon. Average temperature in the morning showed that the agriculture land use are with negative correlation value (r = -0.381), mean while average temperature in the noon showed the negative value for business and commercial land use (r = -0.541), and the average temperature for afternoon showed the positive value with residential area (r = 0.454). The negative value produced showed the flow of relationship is established within land use and temperature. The relationship between land use and temperature in Tanjong Malim is only at the level of medium high or very weak. There is no strong relationship between land use and temperature in Tanjong Malim. Urbanization is still low in this area and this does not affect the change and temperature variance in Tanjong Malim

Packaged food safety in urban area : an observation from the Malaysian law of tort on negligence

The law of tort on negligence plays an important role in protecting individual from contaminated food. The use of the law of negligence in the area of an individual protection is largely in reply to the necessity of each individual to protect his rights and interests in consuming food, including packaged food. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to examine the use of the law of tort on negligence in relation to the individual protection on the packaged food safety in urban area from Malaysian legal perspectives, identify actions and cases which deal with individual protection on contaminated packaged food from the Malaysian legal perspectives and lastly, discuss the law of tort on negligence as a means to protect individuals from contaminated packaged food in Malaysia in order to achieve sustainable development

Environmental management and sustainability : a study on the precautionary principle focusing on health and food hygiene safety

The use of the precautionary principle to the area of environmental management and sustainability is largely in response to the necessity of each individual state to protect rights and interests in order to safeguard the Mother Nature. Therefore, this study examines the use of the precautionary principle in the Malaysian food hygiene regulations in relation to the environmental management and sustainability from the legal perspectives; identify actions, which deal with the protection of the environment as well as a tool for the achievement of sustainable development

Amalan aspek polisi dan perundangan dalam pengurusan alam sekitar bandar di Bandaraya Ipoh, Perak

Amalan Aspek Polisi dan Perundangan diteliti dari aspek dasar dan undang-undang berkaitan alam sekitar bandar yang telah digubal dan dilaksanakan sejak dahulu lagi termasuk di Bandaraya Ipoh, Perak. Dasar dan undang-undang ini penting dalam mengawal dan menguruskan persekitaran pekan, bandar dan bandaraya. Ini diperlukan kerana aktiviti pembandaran yang semakin membesar menimbulkan pelbagai permasalahan dalam persekitaran alam sekitar bandar. Antara permasalahan alam sekitar bandar iaitu masalah pembuangan sampah sarap, masalah setinggan, masalah pencemaran udara iaitu debu dan asap kesan dari kegiatan industri dan kenderaan serta lain-lain punca. Kertas kerja ini membincangkan aspek-aspek polisi atau dasar dan undang-undang yang telah digubal dan digunapakai bagi memelihara Alam Sekitar Bandar di bawah tanggungjawab Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh(MBI) sebagai pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT). Amalan polisi atau dasar alam sekitar bandar di Bandaraya Ipoh berlandaskan matlamat menjadikan Ipoh sebagai bandar Raya Sejahtera yang kosmopolitan, hijau, dinamik dan cekap dengan falsafah dan strategi pembangunan seimbang sehingga tahun 2020 berlandaskan Dasar Alam Sekitar Negara dan Dasar Perbandaran Negara. Amalan polisi juga termasuk aspek perundangan MBI selaras Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan menggunakan pakai Akta Kerajaan Tempatan 1976 (Akta 171). Akta ini telah menggariskan peranan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) seperti MBI mempunyai bidang kuasa meliputi: (a) penyediaan kemudahan infrastruktur yang dapat menjamin keselesaan kehidupan masyarakat setempat; (b) pewujudan pusat-pusat perdagangan seperti pasar, gerai-gerai dan sebagainya; (c) pengawalan ke atas kesihatan awam, kacau ganggu, keselamatan dan sebagainya; (d) pelaksanaan tanggung jawab sosial yang meliputi pembangunan tempat-tempat awam, kolam renang dan sebagainya. Manakala, Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeling 1974 merupakan akta yang turut digunapakai untuk mengawal kegiatan manusia yang boleh mencemari alam sekitar bandar. Akta lain yang terlibat iaitu Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa 1976 (Akta 172), Akta Perancang Bandar 1995 (Akta 538) dan Akta Pengangkutan Jalan 1987 (Akta 333) yang sering dikaitkan dengan aspek perancangan dan pembangunan serta sistem pengangkutan di kawasan bandar dan desa. Amalan aspek-aspek dasar dan undang-undang pengurusan alam sekitar bandar telah dibincangkan melibatkan bagaimana MBI mempunyai bidang kuasa undangundang yang berkaitan dengan alam sekitar dalam menguruskan alam sekitar bandaraya Ipoh. Ini penting agar semua pihak mengetahui hal ini agar dapat membantu pihak berkuasa tempatan khususnya MBI menangani masalah alam sekitar bandar

Impact of land development on water quantity and water quality in Peninsular Malaysia

The steady population growth in Malaysia has been responsible for the usage of relatively large volumes of water. Even though water quality has begun to attain some prominence, its relation to water quantity and to water system operation has been largely overlooked. Human activities frequently challenge the quantity and quality of water in Malaysian water resources. These include activities that use river water directly - such as irrigation and land-based activities that generate nutrients and pollutants, while also changing the runoff patterns of their catchments. A growing population with growing expectations places increasing pressure on our water resources, stretching their ability in maintaining the standards of water quantity and quality

Impact of land use change on water yield and water quality in peninsular Malaysia

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

3R Practices Among Moe Preschool Pupils through the Environmental Education Curriculum

Education is the key to increasing the knowledge and awareness of the general public on environmental issues at early ages, as envisaged in the concept of sustainable development. Hence, this study aims to discuss the sustainability practices among children at a Ministry of Education (MOE) pre-school as a result of the implementation of environmental education through a formal curriculum. Sustainability practices of pupils in this study involves the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Survey methods were used, which involved 500 pupils in MOE preschools in Hulu Langat district, Selangor Malaysia. Results showed that pre-school pupils practice the 3Rs only at a moderate level while the level of knowledge of sustainability was at a high level. The results also showed that there was no significant relationship between prolonged knowledge in practicing the 3Rs among pre-school students. Obviously the input given by the teacher in teaching and learning science was not aligned with sustainability activities such as the 3Rs. Space conservation practices using a structured curriculum platform should be utilised in order to produce citizens who are aware of sustainable development

Trend hujan jangkamasa panjang dan pengaruhnya terhadap hakisan permukaan: Implikasinya kepada tapak kampus baru Sultan Azlan Shah, Tanjong Malim

Hujan merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam proses dan perubahan bentuk bumi. Penganalisisan terhadap data hujan akan dapat menentukan pelbagai impak yang berlaku di atas permukaan bumi seperti kadar luahan, aliran permukaan, air dalam tanah, hakisan tanih, meramalkan dan menetukan kejadian banjir. Trend jangka panjang dan juga intensiti sering dikaitkan sebagai penyumbang kepada peningkatan kadar hakisan permukaan di kawasan yang dibangunkan. Dalam penulisan ini, fokus diberikan kepada tindakan hujan terhadap masalah hakisan tanih yang berlaku di tapak kampus baharu UPSI yang sedang dibangunkan. Penelitian terhadap ciri hujan, pengaruh angin monsun, trend hujan jangkamasa panjang serta perkaitan hujan dengan kejadian hakisan dilakukan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan trend hujan jangkamasa panjang di Tanjong Malim adalah meningkat dan sentiasa melebihi 2400 mm setiap tahun. Kawasan kajian sedang dibangunkan terletak di kaki bukit dan Banjaran Titiwangsa sentiasa menerima hujan lebat dengan jumlah yang tinggi dari jenis hujan bukit dan hujan perolakan. Selain itu, didapati bulan November dan April merupakan bulan-bulan yang mempunyai purata hujan bulanan yang tinggi. Jumlah hujan yang tinggi dan kerap menyumbang kepada kadar hakisan permukaan yang tinggi, menyebabkan banyak alur sungai semulajadi tertimbus, terbentuk alur-alur baharu seperti galir dan galur serta berlakunya proses pemendapan di kawasan sungai dan tasik. Analisis ciri-ciri hujan adalah sangat penting dalam menyediakan maklumat asas tentang potensi hakisan serta pengekalan paras air dalam kawasan tadahan serta membantu pihak-pihak yang bertanggungjawab dalam pembukaan kawasan tanah secara besar-besaran di kawasan ini. Ciri dan trend hujan yang ditunjukkan dapat memberi gambaran tentang bagaimana aktiviti pembangunan yang ingin dijalankan perlu dirancang terlebih dahulu agar kesan negatif seperti hakisan tanih dapat dikurangkan