Invisalign

After 15 years of existence in France, Invisalign® has become a credible alternative to treatment with attachments. This article aims to review the latest developments made by Invisalign® and the results achieved at the clinical level. In our review, which includes clinical case photographs, we explore the possibilities of the system, including expected results, limitations, and associated precautions

Invisalign

Après 15 ans d'existence en France, Invisalign® est devenu une véritable proposition de traitement orthodontique. Cet article se propose de faire le point sur les der- nières évolutions apportées par Invisalign® et les résul- tats au niveau clinique. Illustré à l'aide de cas cliniques, il est précisé les possibilités du système, les résultats à attendre, mais aussi les limites du système et les précautions à prendre

GAT-3 Dysfunction Generates Tonic Inhibition in External Globus Pallidus Neurons in Parkinsonian Rodents

The external globus pallidus (GP) is a key GABAergic hub in the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry, a neuronal network involved in motor control. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the rate and pattern of activity of GP neurons are profoundly altered and contribute to the motor symptoms of the disease. In rodent models of PD, the striato-pallidal pathway is hyperactive, and extracellular GABA concentrations are abnormally elevated in the GP, supporting the hypothesis of an alteration of neuronal and/or glial clearance of GABA. Here, we discovered the existence of persistent GABAergic tonic inhibition in GP neurons of dopamine-depleted (DD) rodent models. We showed that glial GAT-3 transporters are downregulated while neuronal GAT-1 function remains normal in DD rodents. Finally, we showed that blocking GAT-3 activity in vivo alters the motor coordination of control rodents, suggesting that GABAergic tonic inhibition in the GP contributes to the pathophysiology of PD. The globus pallidus (GP) is a key basal ganglia nucleus involved in motor control. In Parkinson's disease, the cellular mechanisms underlying GP neuron hypoactivity are poorly understood. Chazalon et al. find that glial GABA transporters are downregulated in parkinsonian rodents, leading to aberrant GABAergic inhibition in the GP and motor coordination impairment.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe