Effect of Some Stresses on Free Proline Content During Pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) Seed Germination

Plants accumulate proline under a variety of stress conditions thereby preventing stress-caused damages. The proline accumulation in germinating seeds of pigeonpea in response to NaCl, Boron and Aluminium treatments were studied. Results showed increased accumulation of proline in salinity stressed germinating seeds. As compare to 100 ppm boron, 10 and 50 ppm of boron treatments promoted proline levels at different stages of seed germination. The content of proline was found to be induced by all aluminium concentrations particularly at 48, 72 and 120 hrs. of seed germination. Whereas reverse pattern of proline accumulation was observed at 96 hrs stage under all studied stresses

Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980�2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. Methods For countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification. Findings Global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95 uncertainty interval UI 3·1�3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5�2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6�40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7�1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1�1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections. Interpretation Scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990�2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10�54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68 in 1990 to more than 80 in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91 coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78 of four antenatal care visits, 81 of in-facility delivery, and 87 of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care�including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY licens

SUBSTANTIAL USE OF SOLID WASTE

As there is increase in population in a large amount, there is use of various materials and disposal of solid waste is a major problem .Hence I substantial used solid waste as a material for the manufacturing of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. I also use glass fiber, it helps to increase the strength of the material. The main aim of this study is to investigate the substantial use of solid waste. The present paper is based on the reuse of solid waste for manufacturing of blocks in which various types of admixtures are used such as glass fibers to increase the strength

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Not AvailableStudies were carried out in Forest College and Research Institute to assess the chemical properties of 27 Jatropha hybrid clonal seed oil, which was experimented in the laboratory for properties such as acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value and cetane number. As these properties are important to determine the present condition of oil, the current study confirms that, hybrid clonal seeds performed superior with respect to the international standards for saponification value, iodine number and cetane number, which shows that Jatropha hybrid clonal seeds could be an important source to meet the future energy requirements.Not Availabl

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25 Promising agroforestry trees

Not AvailableAgroforestry has traditionally been a way of life and livelihood in India for centuries. The role of agroforestry in improving land productivity, soil conservation, bio-amelioration, climate moderation, and increasing farmers’ income is widely acclaimed today. Research and development activities in agroforestry gained momentum in India since 1983 with the launch of the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Agroforestry by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Generation of knowledge on tree-based farming systems through this AICRP led to the establishment of a National Research Centre on Agroforestry (NRCAF) in 1988 in Jhansi, U.P., which was renamed as Central Agroforestry Research Institute (CAFRI) in 2014. These initiatives got a further boost when ICRAF (World Agroforestry Centre) joined India’s agroforestry programme in 2003. Partnership with ICRAF gave India access to international expertise and advanced tools and techniques of research.Not Availabl

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