Anthropometric Characteristics and Somatotype of Elite Indian Boxers

Introduction: Limited research exists on the anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of elite Indian male boxers, motivating this study to fill the gap and provide insights into the variations across weight categories for talent identification and performance enhancement in Indian boxing. The study aimed to examine variations in anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of elite Indian boxers in three different weight categories: light weight boxers (< 60 kg), middle weight boxers (61-74 kg), and heavy weight boxers (> 75 kg). Methods: Data were collected from 35 elite Indian male boxers with age ranges from 19 - 29 years at NSNIS, Patiala during the boxing national camp 2021. Anthropometric variables were measured following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) standardized methods, Heath and Carter’s somatotype equation were used for somatotype calculation. Results: Mean height, weight and somatotype of the elite Indian male boxers were 175.2 ± 8.4, 69 ± 15.3 and 2.3 ± 1.0 – 4.9 ± 0.9 – 2.9 ± 1.1 respectively. Conclusions:  Light weight boxers are ectomorphic mesomorph, middle weight boxers are balanced mesomorph and heavy weight boxers are endomorphic mesomorph with greater height and BMI.Introducción: existe una investigación limitada sobre las características antropométricas y los somatotipos de los boxeadores masculinos indios de élite, lo que motiva este estudio para llenar el vacío y proporcionar información sobre las variaciones entre las categorías de peso para la identificación de talentos y la mejora del rendimiento en el boxeo indio. El estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las variaciones en las características antropométricas y los somatotipos de los boxeadores indios de élite en tres categorías de peso diferentes: boxeadores de peso ligero (< 60 kg), boxeadores de peso medio (61-74 kg) y boxeadores de peso pesado (> 75 kg). Métodos: se recopilaron datos de 35 boxeadores indios de élite con rangos de edad de 19 a 29 años en NSNIS, Patiala durante el campamento nacional de boxeo 2021. Las variables antropométricas se midieron siguiendo los métodos estandarizados de la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK), Heath y la ecuación de somatotipo de Carter se utilizaron para el cálculo del somatotipo. Resultados: La altura, el peso y el somatotipo medios de los boxeadores masculinos indios de élite fueron 175,2 ± 8,4, 69 ± 15,3 y 2,3 ± 1,0 – 4,9 ± 0,9 – 2,9 ± 1,1 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los boxeadores de peso ligero son mesomorfos ectomorfos, los boxeadores de peso medio son mesomorfos equilibrados y los boxeadores de peso pesado son mesomorfos endomórficos con mayor talla e IMC

Comparison of Rates of Fast and Catastrophic Visual Field Loss in Three Glaucoma Subtypes.

Purpose:To compare the distribution of visual field progression rates in three subgroups of glaucoma, being primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), POAG, and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Methods:We assessed glaucoma patients treated in an Indian tertiary care setting with at least four visual field assessments. We determined rates from a single eye of each of 525 patients using linear regression of the summary index mean deviation (MD) over time. The main outcome measures were the proportions of fast (<-1.0 to -2.0 dB/y) and catastrophic (<-2 dB/y) visual field progression. Bootstrapped 95% CIs allowed comparison with published data from a large clinical cohort in Canada. Results:The combined proportion of fast and catastrophic progressors in our cohort was less than half that in the Canada dataset (2.3% vs. 5.8%), despite median progression rates differing by only 0.03 dB/y. PACG, POAG, and JOAG represented 45%, 32%, and 12% of our cohort, respectively. Baseline MD values were similarly distributed between these subtypes. All subtypes showed a similar shaped distribution for progression rates, with median progression rates of -0.03, -0.05, and 0.02 dB/y for PACG, POAG, and JOAG, respectively. Combined proportions of fast and catastrophic progression rates did not significantly differ between subtypes. Conclusions:Differences in fast and catastrophic visual field progression can exist despite only small changes in median progression rates, highlighting the importance of considering the full shape of the progression rate distribution when comparing the risk of devastating visual field loss

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

India needs home-grown GM food to stop starvation

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Stop teaching Indians to copy and paste

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India needs home-grown GM food to stop starvation

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Effect of BMI & WC on severity of COPD patients

Introduction: COPD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The link between COPD and BMI is subject of interest for many years.Waist&nbsp; circumference&nbsp; is&nbsp; also &nbsp;important anthroprometric&nbsp; profile which should be measured in COPD patients. Therefore we plan to study&nbsp; status of BMI &amp; Waist circumference in patients of COPD &amp; correlate both with its severity.Method:We did an observational study on 100 COPD patients from April 2019 to June 2020 in medicine department , SSMC&amp; SGMH Rewa.Observation and results: Most of patients (80%) in underweight category coming under more severe group with significant p value of 0.01 More than 70 % patients in obese category coming in less severe group. 72% the patients with central obesity were falls under more severe group (GOLD 3&amp;GOLD 4) &amp; 70% of patient without abdominal obesity were in less severe group (GOLD 1&amp;GOLD 2) with statistically significant p value of 0.00039.Conclusion:COPD&nbsp; isassociated with Body Mass Index. COPD&nbsp; severity found to inversely related to BMI. These novel findings support Obesity Paradox..But highly significant negative association found between waist circumference and FEV1

Evaluation of Red Cell Distribution Width(RDW) in patients with Acute Stroke

Introduction:Stroke is becoming an important cause of premature death and disability in developing countries like India, primarily because of demographic changes and increasing prevalence of the key modifiable risk factors. Red cell Distribution Width is an important hematological parameter which is now being found to associated with increased risk of stroke. Objective:To study the correlation between Red cell Distribution Width(RDW) and occurrence of acute stroke.Materials and Methods:This was an observational cross sectional study conducted at Shyam Shah Medical College Rewa, between April 2019 to June 2020. 150 patients with acute stroke were included in study along with 150 age matched controls. Red cell Distribution Width(RDW) was measured for cases as well as controls. Data were statistically analyzed.Results:Red Cell Distribution width was positively associated with occurrence of stroke, particularly ischemic stroke. It was not significantly associated with occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke.Conclusion:RDW can help in predicting the occurrence of stroke. Thereforeit can work as a tool which can be used to identify individuals at high risk of stroke

GMOs

This book covers a broad spectrum of topics related to GMOs and allied new gene-based technologies, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes, bringing together the contributions of researchers and regulators from around the world. The aim is to offer a clear view of the benefits and effects of genetically modified crops, insects, and other animals on the soil microbiome and ecological processes. Contributors examine issues related to the development of risk assessment procedures and regulations designed to maximize benefits while minimizing risks. Beyond the scientific challenges of GMOs, the book explores the broad and contentious terrain of ethical considerations. The contributors discuss such questions as the unintended, possibly unforeseen, consequences of releasing GMOs into ecosystems, and the likelihood that the full effects of GMOs could take years, even decades, of close monitoring to become evident. The importance of developing a precautionary approach is stressed. The final chapter describes the critical issues of governance and regulation of new and emerging gene-based technologies, as nations grapple with the consequences of adopting the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB). The volume includes an extensive Annex which outlines legal perspectives on the state of GMO governance around the world, with more than 20 examples from nations in Africa, South and Central America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe