Yields of Cyclotron Produced Medical Isotopes: A Comparison of Theoretical Potential and Experimental Results

Experimentally obtained yields of most of the medical radioisotopes, produced with cyclotrons through different nuclear reactions at various bombarding energies in laboratories around the world, are presented. These yields are compared with those calculated using experimentally measured cross sections (where available) at similar bombarding conditions. Where experimental cross sections are unavailable, empirically constructed excitation functions have been used. The information provided in this paper would be a valuable aid in selecting the most suitable nuclear reaction and bombarding conditions for producing a particular radioisotope and in assessing various losses of the isotope during chemical processing of the irradiated target

Dynamic fracture of inorganic glasses by hard spherical and conical projectiles.

In this article, high-speed photographic investigations of the dynamic crack initiation and propagation in several inorganic glasses by the impact of small spherical and conical projectiles are described. These were carried out at speeds of up to approximately 2×10(6) frames s(-1). The glasses were fused silica, 'Pyrex' (a borosilicate glass), soda lime and B(2)O(3). The projectiles were 0.8-2 mm diameter spheres of steel, glass, sapphire and tungsten carbide, and their velocities were up to 340 m s(-1). In fused silica and Pyrex, spherical projectiles' impact produced Hertzian cone cracks travelling at terminal crack velocities, whereas in soda-lime glass fast splinter cracks were generated. No crack bifurcation was observed, which has been explained by the nature of the stress intensity factor of the particle-impact-generated cracks, which leads to a stable crack growth. Crack bifurcation was, however, observed in thermally tempered glass; this bifurcation has been explained by the tensile residual stress and the associated unstable crack growth. A new explanation has been proposed for the decrease of the included angle of the Hertzian cone cracks with increasing impact velocity. B(2)O(3) glass showed dynamic compaction and plasticity owing to impact with steel spheres. Other observations, such as total contact time, crack lengths and response to oblique impacts, have also been explained.I acknowledge sincerely the many stimulating discussions on the phenomena of indentation, fracture and friction which I had over the past 35 years with the late Dr Elizabeth H. Yoffe, who passed away in July 2014. I thank Kelvin Fagan, the Cavendish Laboratory photographer, for his help with the figures.This is the accepted manuscript of a paper published in Philisophical Transactions A., 373: 20140135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.013

Economic Vision of Allama Iqbal

Allama Iqbal used both poetry and prose in Persian, Urdu and English to convey his multi-dimensional feelings and thoughts. According to one scholar, “Iqbal was a humanist and true citizen of the world. His works testify to his acknowledged roles as poet and philosopher, educator and student of cultures, lawyer and politician, missionary and visionary, psychologist and sociologist, freedom fighter and inspirer of a new nation, scholar and a man of action, mystic, seer and statesman”.1 As an all time great poet, Allama Iqbal had two shining characteristics—an artistic one that presents poetry for leisurely enjoyment and a visionary one that propels inspirational beams for action and reform. As a great poet he also had a huge canvas to paint on, and his subjects are big issues like humanity. In most of his writings Allama Iqbal talks about the significance of man and his dignity, freedom not only from political subjugation and intellectual servility but also from hunger, ignorance, physical and spiritual illnesses and other social and economic development issues facing the poor and the weak nations of the East. As a universal humanist, Allama Iqbal waged a relentless struggle to promote and defend human self-esteem. Some scholars believe that “even his advocacy of Pakistan was really based on humanist considerations”. He could not bear to see one religions group dominating another simply because of numerical majority.

A case report of 29 year old male patient with breast carcinoma: diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology

Breast cancer has been considered a female dominated disease. Carcinoma of male breast is a rare disease representing 1% of all breast cancers and less than 1 % of all cancers in men. The mean age at presentation is mainly in sixties. We here present a case of male breast cancer presented at very young age of 29 years, diagnosed on fine needle aspiration which was confirmed later on histopathological examination

The 7Li(p,n)7 Be Reaction as a Source of Fast Neutrons for Smaller Compact Cyclotrons

The usefulness of the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction as a fast neutron source for applications, such as neutron therapy etc., using smaller compact cyclotrons (proton energies of up to 15-18 MeV) has been investigated by measuring thin and thick target neutron spectra, absolute cross sections and angular distributions of various neutron groups produced in this reaction at 10.45 MeV. Our results indicate that the forward direction is still the preferred one for obtaining the most suitable fast neutron beam for biomedical application, and that moderately thick, rather than infinitely thick, target would provide higher mean energy. Moreover, it has also been shown that the 7Li(p,n)7 Be reaction is more suited for producing neutron beams for therapy than proton and deuteron induced reactions on Be at corresponding energies, and that a therapeutically useful neutron beam can be produced even with smaller compact cyclotrons

Cyclotron Analysis of Australian Atmospheric Contamination before and after the 1974 French Nuclear Tests in the Pacific

Atmospheric particulates collected around East Coast Australian cities and Port Moresby, just before and after the French Atomic Test Series of 1974 in the Pacific, have been analysed by proton activation using the Melbourne University Cyclotron. A number of elements, namely S, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Hg, ranging in concentrations from .001 ug/m3 to up to 3.27 ug/m3 have been detected. The changes observed in the concentrations of these elements in the two sets of samples, taken just before and just after the Atomic Tests, are attributed to Synoptic rather than Nuclear Fall-Out effects

A study of cervical Papanicolaou smears examination in patients with abnormal vaginal discharge

Background: Reproductive tract infection represents major public health problem in developing countries. Cervical infections are common problems among women of reproductive age and associated with clinical complaints of vaginal discharge. Pap smear is a screening test to diagnose various abnormal pathology of cervix. Aims and objectives of this study was to identify various causes of vaginal discharge and frequency of various pathogenic microorganisms in cervical smear.Methods: This was hospital based descriptive study carried out on 300 female patients who attended obstetrics and gynecology clinic at tertiary care hospital with compliant of vaginal discharge. Cervical smear samples were collected, conventional smears were prepared by trained technical staff and stained using Papanicolaou (Pap) technique.Results: The most common age group affected with vaginal discharge was 26 to 35 years with 115 cases. The most common associated symptom was lower abdominal pain seen in 75 cases. Most frequent findings on per speculum examination was thick whitish discharge in 186 cases and the most common pathogenic organism found was Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) in 177 cases.Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need for educating women of rural community to raise the awareness for cervical Pap screening