Impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognition: a review

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of brain caused by various factors which may vary according to the patient age. In epilepsy threshold for seizure generation get reduced. It may affect patient’s living and increases morbidity. Anti-epileptic drugs are given as mono or poly-therapy for seizure control. These anti-epileptics produce side-effects which are dose and duration of the treatment dependent. One of the important side effects is impact on cognitive function of the patient. However, some anti-epileptic medications also cause improvement in the cognitive function. Newer anti-epileptics are providing better compliance and impact as compared to older ones. This review article provides details of impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive functioning

Effect of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive functions: a prospective study in individuals with newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure

Background: Epilepsy, the third most common neurologic disorder, deteriorates cognitive functions of the patients. Approximately 1% of the world’s population is suffering from epilepsy. Opinions regarding impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognition are divided. So, this study was designed to assess the impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive performance of patients with complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure in Department of Medicine, at Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India.Methods: In present study, cognitive functions were assessed in 50 patients of newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure coming to the Department of Medicine, Surat. The cognitive functions were evaluated by Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III, which assessed memory, attention, fluency, language and visuo-spatial abilities. Follow-up was done after six months of baseline.Results: Baseline and Follow-up data from 50 patients were analysed. Patient treated with anti-epileptic drugs showed significant improvement in memory, attention, language and visuo-spatial abilities whereas improvement in fluency was not significant. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were used to analyse the data. For statistical analysis of data SPSS 19.0 software was used.Conclusions: The available data indicate that the anti-epileptic drugs on short-term administration do not adversely affect cognitive function in patients with newly diagnosed CPS and GTCS. Importantly, the data suggest that the effects exerted by AEDs could depend on factors linked to patient characteristics and individual susceptibility and to comment on those factors further studies are needed

Bipolar disorder: a review of current U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacotherapy

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic disorder which usually has its onset in early adulthood. At one end of the spectrum is depression and at other is mania. Like many psychiatric illnesses, it is not treatable but its symptoms are completely manageable with medications. Commonly used drugs are mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics along with adjunctive medications such as anxiolytics and antidepressants. In general, a combination of these drugs is used for treatment. These drugs have significant adverse effects which add to the burden of the disease. Presently, there are 11 US Food and Drug Administration - approved drugs for management of acute mania, 3 for bipolar depression and 7 for bipolar maintenance. This review article details the use of these drugs in BD

PHYSICAL APPROACH TO TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY: A REVIEW

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the topically administered medication, which when applied to the skin, delivers the drug through the skin for systemic effect at a predetermined and controlled rate. For the drugs, having the short biological half-life, transdermal drug delivery system is convenient. It overcomes the problems  like the hepatic first pass effect, improves the compliance of patients, decreases the administration frequency, and reduce the gastrointestinal side effects, peak and valley levels in the blood are avoided. Due to having an advantage of being non-invasive, this delivery has to fulfill some parameters such as high potency, better permeability through skin and non-irritation for better compliance. Skin serves as a site of drug application for local effect as well as systemic effect. There are wide varieties of drugs for which topical or transdermal is a viable option, skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed for such drugs. There are a number of physical methods to increase drug delivery via the skin, many of which require the use of devices and some of which hold the promise to significantly expand the spectrum of drugs that can be administered transdermally to include water-soluble molecules and macromolecules. Iontophoresis and electroporation represent electrically assisted, physical approaches to enhance delivery of drugs/macromolecules across the stratum corneum.  This review highlights the detailed role of physical penetration and describes their mechanism of action. Keywords: transdermal drug delivery system, stratum corneum, skin penetration enhancer, physical enhancer, iontophoresis.Â

A Survey on Touch Based Data Transfer Using Cloud

Currently, computer technology is completely based on touch screen technology. Any digital device users want to use touch screen technology for easier and faster way to accomplish their work. Transfer of data and keeping it secure is common issue in digital world, so to achieve different and great method for transferring of data, there is need to focus on simpler way to transfer any type of files between two digital devices. Need to provide users functionality to sharing of file over wireless network by using simple touch gesture as well as to provide secure and effective way of data sharing over cloud. In this paper basic techniques which are utilized for data sharing have been studied well and main objective is to provide easy, secure as well as attractive way for sharing of data between digital devices over cloud. This paper focuses on methodologies and primitives which are being used till now for data transfer system

Vegan Soap From Waste Organic Material

Orange peels and fruit debris were employed in this study to improve the soap's quality. Improvements in the soap's solubility time, moisture content, and foaming capacity have all been noted. In this investigation, only non-edible fruit portions were utilized. It demonstrates that the goal of this research is to not only increase soap quality but also to better utilize waste in order to recover more fruit waste. In this investigation of the dried seeds and orange peels were crushed. The study's findings have considerable potential for generating ideas for environmental direction as well as for the care of individual humans. Currently, more than 12,000 tons of trash are produced daily

EFFECT OF METFORMIN ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

OBJECTIVES – There is a worldwide epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the gold standard for its measurement. Thus, effect of metformin therapy on HRV was evaluated in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. METHODS – This was a prospective, observational study carried out from January 2020 to September 2021 in the medicine outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. The study included newly diagnosed T2DM patients of both genders aged 18-70 years. Baseline HRV parameters were recorded by performing electrocardiogram for a fixed duration of 5 minutes. Follow up was done after 6 months of metformin 500 mg monotherapy. Time domain analysis was done using square root of mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD) and frequency domain analysis was done using low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio. Paired t-test was used for analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS – A total of 30 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 43.5 ± 4.5 years. The highest number of patients were from age group between 41-50 years (33.3%). There were more number of females (56.7%) compared to males (43.3%). There was an increase in the RMSSD value after metformin treatment, but it was not statistically significant (P= 0.308). In frequency domain analysis, there was no significant improvement in LF, HF as well as LF/HF ratio (P = 0.655).   CONCLUSION – There was a minor improvement in HRV parameters after six months of metformin therapy, but it was not statistically significant. Further studies with larger sample size should be planned with one or more oral hypoglycaemics