Introdução ao dossiê temático “A análise ergonómica do trabalho e da formação para um desenvolvimento sustentável”

No quadro do 18º congresso da Associação Internacional de Ergonomia (2012, Recife, Brasil), o simpósio “ Ergonomics analysis of work and training (EAWT) » juntou investigadores e participantes de diversos países (Bélgica, Brasil, Canadá, França, Portugal, Suíça). Este simpósio inscreveu-se na continuidade de outros simpósios EAWT que ocorrem desde 1991, sobre os contributos da análise ergonómica para as situações de formação e de aprendizagem. Esta contribuição da ergonomia foi construída com..

Formadores en la indústria avícola : actores clave en situación difícil

El presente estudio exploratorio trata de las dinámicas entre los actores implicados en la formación a las distintas tareas en tres empresas del sector avícola quebequense : responsables de formación, formadoras o formadores, y aprendices (Chatigny et al., 2005). El principal objetivo es la identificación de los obstáculos a la formación para el desarrollo integrado de las competencias vinculadas con las tareas así como a la salud y la seguridad en el trabajo. Los datos provienen de grabaciones video de entrevistas realizadas en el marco de un estudio realizado por Richard et al. (2002) en tres empresas. Algunas entrevistas complementarias nos han permitido contextualizar y completar el análisis de los datos. Los resultados indican que los formadores desempeñan varios papeles a fin de crear y mantener dinámicas favorables para la formación y el aprendizaje. Son actores claves que interactúan con los aprendices y los responsables de la empresa, tanto en los aspectos relacionados con el aprendizaje como con la salud y seguridad laboral, así como con la gestión de la formación y de la producción. Las empresas participantes reconocen la importancia de hacer evolucionar los dispositivos de formación, pero al mismo tiempo tienden a mantener una lógica Tayloriana de las situaciones de trabajo y aprendizaje de los aprendices y los formadores.Este estudo exploratório trata sobre as dinâmicas entre os atores envolvidos na formação em três empresas do setor avícola quebequense : responsáveis pela formação, formadoras e formadores, e aprendizes (Chatigny et al., 2005). O objetivo principal é identificar os obstáculos à implantação de formações visando o desenvolvimento integrado das competências ligadas às tarefas e à saúde e segurança no trabalho. Os dados são provenientes de registros em vídeo e de entrevistas realizadas no âmbito de um estudo efetuado por Richard et al. (2002) em três empresas. Entrevistas complementares permitiram contextualizar e completar a análise dos dados. Os resultados indicam que os formadores assumem vários papéis afim de criar e manter dinâmicas favoráveis à formação e aprendizagem. Tais formadores seriam atores chave entre os aprendizes e os responsáveis da empresa, tanto em aspectos ligados à aprendizagem quanto aspectos ligados à saúde e segurança no trabalho, bem como à gestão da formação e da produção. As empresas participantes reconhecem a importância de fazer evoluir os dispositivos de formação, mas tendem a manter uma lógica tayloriana das situações de trabalho e de aprendizagem dos aprendizes e dos formadores.Cette étude exploratoire porte sur les dynamiques entre les acteurs impliqués dans la formation aux tâches dans trois entreprises du secteur avicole québécois : responsables de formation, formatrices ou formateurs, et apprentis (Chatigny et al., 2005). L’objectif principal est d’identifier les obstacles à l’implantation de formations visant le développement intégré des compétences liées aux tâches et à la santé et la sécurité au travail. Les données proviennent d’enregistrements vidéo d’entretiens réalisés lors d’une étude menée par Richard et al. (2002) dans trois entreprises. Des entretiens complémentaires ont permis de contextualiser et de compléter l’analyse des données. Les résultats indiquent que les formateurs assument plusieurs rôles, afin de créer et de maintenir des dynamiques favorables pour la formation et l’apprentissage. Ils seraient des acteurs clés entre les apprentis et les responsables de l’entreprise, tant sur des aspects liés à l’apprentissage, qu’à la santé et à la sécurité au travail, ainsi qu’à la gestion de la formation et de la production. Les entreprises participantes reconnaissent l’importance de faire évoluer les dispositifs de formation mais tendent à maintenir une logique taylorienne des situations de travail et d’apprentissage des apprentis et des formateurs.This exploratory study examines the dynamics among three types of players involved in task training at three plants in the Québec poultry industry : training managers, instructors and apprentices (Chatigny et al., 2005). The main objective is to identify obstacles to implementation of training intended to facilitate the integrated learning of task-related skills and those related to occupational health and safety. The data is obtained from video recordings of interviews carried out during a study conducted by Richard et al. (2002) at three enterprises. Complementary interviews were conducted to contextualize and supplement the data analysis. The results show that trainers comprise three groups of stakeholders that include subgroups whose situations and needs vary. Moreover, trainers fulfil various roles as they create and maintain favourable dynamics for training and learning. Trainers are key intermediaries in the manager/apprentice relationship and in aspects related to task learning, OHS and training and production management. Participating companies recognized the importance of the evolution of training, but tend to favour a Taylorian logic to instructors´ and apprentices´ work and learning situations

La salud y la seguridad de los alumnos en centros de capacitación profesional: enfoques, representaciones y género

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido estudiar las problemáticas de la salud y seguridad en el trabajo (SST), y entre ellas la de los alumnos, en centros de formación profesional. Se han empleado diversos métodos con 76 participantes (dirección, profesionales, docentes, alumnos): entrevistas individuales y colectivas, cuestionarios auto administrados, observaciones, análisis de materiales educativos sobre SST. Estos han permitido estudiar las experiencias de SST, las prescripciones, los enfoques, los roles y los factores que influencian las representaciones y el aprendizaje. Los alumnos (20) provenían principalmente de las formaciones en Peluquería y en Electromecánica de sistemas automatizados (19). Los resultados revelan que los distintos grupos de actores tienen representaciones diferentes, que los alumnos están más preocupados por su SST de lo que creen sus capacitadores, cuáles son los daños a la salud que se producen, y que estos ocurren con mayor frecuencia en los alumnos de Peluquería, y cuáles son las perspectivas de género en SST. La discusión abarca el enfoque y los métodos de investigación, los enfoques en SST, las intervenciones que se desprenden de esta investigación y los aspectos a desarrollar.O objetivo desta investigação foi o de estudar as problemáticas de saúde e segurança no trabalho (SST) em centros de formação profissional, isto é, a SST dos estudantes. Métodos diversificados foram mobilizados junto de 76 participantes (direção, profissionais, formadores, estudantes): entrevistas individuais e coletivas, questionários autoadministrados, observações, análise de documentos relativos ao ensino da SST. Estes permitiram estudar as experiências de SST, as prescrições, os enfoques, os papéis e os fatores que influenciam as representações e as aprendizagens. Os estudantes (20) provinham maioritariamente de formações em Cabeleireiro e Eletromecânica de sistemas automatizados (19). Os resultados revelam representações diferentes segundo o grupo de atores, estudantes mais preocupados com a sua SST do que o pensavam os seus interlocutores, danos para a sua saúde mais numerosos nos estudantes de cabeleireiro, abordagens de género relativamente à SST. A discussão remete para os métodos e abordagens da pesquisa, para as abordagens de SST, as intervenções resultantes da investigação e os aspetos a desenvolver.L’objectif de cette recherche était d’étudier les problématiques de santé et de sécurité du travail (SST) en centre de formation professionnelle, dont la SST des élèves. Plusieurs méthodes ont été mobilisées auprès des 76 participants (direction, professionnels, enseignants, élèves): entretiens individuels et collectifs, questionnaires auto administrés, observations, analyse de documents pour l’enseignement de la SST. Elles ont permis d’étudier les expériences de SST, les prescriptions, les approches, les rôles et les facteurs qui influencent les représentations et les apprentissages. Les élèves (20) provenaient principalement de Coiffure et d’Électromécanique de systèmes automatisés (19). Les résultats révèlent des représentations différentes selon les groupes d’acteurs, des élèves plus préoccupés par leur SST que ne le pensent leurs intervenants, des atteintes à leur santé, plus nombreuses chez les élèves en coiffure, des approches genrées de la SST. La discussion ouvre sur les méthodes et l’approche de recherche, les approches de SST, les interventions découlant de la recherche et les aspects à développer.The goal of this research was to study the health and safety issues at work in vocational training centers. 76 participants (managers, professionals, vocational trainers and students) went through a process of individual and collective interviews, self-administered questionnaires and observation. An analysis of documents on health and safety was also performed. This allowed us to study the experiences surrounding health and safety at work, prescriptions about activities, approaches, roles and factors affecting representations and learning. Students were mainly from Hairdressing (20) and Automated Systems Electromechanics (19) courses. The results show different representations depending on the group of actors. Some students were more worried about their health and safety at work than perceived. Health damage was more frequent for hairdressing students. There were also gender approaches on health and safety at work. The discussion focuses on research methods and approaches, HSW approaches, interventions resulting from the research and elements in need of further development

Observations : regards croisés d'une ergonome et d'un clinicien de l'activité

International audienceObservation is a common method in our two approaches, which are known to place their interventions and research in the co-construction of methodological frameworks with the actors of the world of work that call upon our respective expertise. Dialogues between the activity clinic approach and the activity ergonomics is part of the common history of our disciplines. We propose to continue to feed it with our singular cross-eyes with the reciprocal objective of deepening, as far as possible at this stage of our debates, the questions of actions that drive us on how to define observation , its goals, the place it takes in the intervention, its modalities, its contributions sought for the various actors in the organization of work and itsstakes in terms of transformations, efficiency and health at work.L’observation est une méthode commune à nos deux approches qui sont connues pour inscrire leurs interventions et recherches dans la co-construction de cadres méthodologiques avec les acteurs du monde du travail qui font appel à nos expertises respectives. Le dialogue entre clinique de l’activité et ergonomie de l’activité fait partie de l’histoire de nos disciplines. Nous nous proposons de continuer à l’alimenter de nos regardscroisés singuliers dans l’objectif réciproque d’approfondir encore, autant que possible à cette étape de nos échanges, les questions d’actions qui nous animent sur la manière de définir l’observation, ses buts, la place qu’elle prend dans l’intervention, ses modalités, ses apports recherchés pour les différents acteurs de l’organisation du travail et ses enjeux en termes de transformations, d’efficacité et de santé au travail

Formation et soutien à l’apprentissage : des conditions indispensables à la polyvalence et à la santé et sécurité au travail

L’objectif de cette étude réalisée dans une usine d’assemblage automobile était d’identifier les types de situations de formation aux postes de travail et de comprendre comment elles sont vécues. Des entretiens avec des travailleurs et des travailleuses ainsi qu’avec des représentants de l’entreprise et du syndicat ont été accompagnés d’observations. Les résultats montrent qu’avec le temps la formation s’est améliorée en ce qui concerne la durée et les contenus, mais que l’augmentation des exigences de production recrée sans cesse un élargissement entre la formation offerte et celle requise par les travailleurs rencontrés. Ces écarts sont particulièrement problématiques pour les travailleurs les plus polyvalents et à statut précaire, en particulier les femmes. Les apprentissages se font souvent à un coût qui effrite la santé, la confiance et la motivation à apprendre, notamment dans les situations d’implantation de rotations de postes de travail.The objective of this study conducted in an automobile assembly plant was to identify the types of job training situations and to understand how they are experienced. Observations accompanied the interviews with male and female workers as well as with representatives of the company and union. The results show that training improved in duration and content, but that the increased production requirements constantly recreate a gap between the training offered and that required by the workers that were met. These gaps are particularly problematic for the most versatile workers with precarious employment, particularly women. Learning is often done at a cost that eats away at health, confidence and the motivation to learn, particularly in job rotation implementation situations.El objetivo de este estudio realizado en una planta de montaje de automóviles era identificar los tipos de situaciones de formación en los puestos de trabajo y entender como se viven. Entrevistas con los trabajadoras y trabajadores así como con dirigentes de la empresa y del sindicato fueron acompañados de observaciones. Los resultados demuestran que, con el tiempo, la formación se mejoró por lo que es de la duración y de los contenidos, pero que el aumento de las exigencias de producción siempre crea una nueva ampliación entre la formación ofrecida y la requerida por los trabajadores encontrados. Estas diferencias son particularmente problemáticas para los trabajadores más polivalentes y con un estatuto precario, en particular las mujeres. Los aprendizajes a menudo se hacen a un coste que debilita la salud, la confianza y la motivación para aprender, en particular en situaciones de implantación de rotaciones en los empleos

Analyse du travail répétitif dans le secteur agro-alimentaire : apport de la démarche ergonomique

L'analyse du travail répétitif dans le secteur agro-alimentaire se fait dans le contexte de l'augmentation des problèmes musculo- squelettiques. L'approche de l'ergonome est abordée au travers d'études dans ce secteur, en particulier dans une usine de transformation de la volaille. L'intervention ergonomique axée sur l'amélioration des situations de travail nécessite l'implication et la participation des différents partenaires dans l'entreprise. L'analyse de l'activité de travail et l'implication des travailleurs dans l'interprétation des résultats fait ressortir la complexité du travail répétitif. La mise en valeur du savoir des travailleurs et la recherche d'une compréhension élargie du travail au-delà des aspects physiques apparaissent essentielles à la formulation de recommandations et à la revalorisation du métier.Increasing frequency in skeletal muscle problems in sectors of employment where the work is repetitive is the cause of growing concern. A number of agro-food businesses have participated in ergonomic studies aimed at a better understanding of repetitive work and its effects on health, as well as at improving work situations. Different issues related to the analysis of work and the contribution of the ergonomic approach were raised in these studies. In particular, the results of a study of a poultry processing plant were used to illustrate these issues. The first part of this article deals mainly with the expectations of those within firms requesting service vis-à-vis the work of ergonomists and the characteristics of their approach. Even though the field of study of ergonomists is often restricted to the biomechanical aspects of the activity, they rather seek to obtain an overall view of work situations by examining not only the physical aspects but also the cognitive, perceptive, social and subjective aspects which cannot be disassociated from work efficiency.During an intervention, the reference data of the ergonomist are limited, especially those related to skeletal muscle problems. It is observed that these references can only be used as pointers identifying occupational hazards, and only specifie knowledge of the work environment, continuously updated with each new study, can provide them with the elements of understanding and demonstration necessary for change. Furthermore, an ergonomic approach can lead to work situations being changed only if there are changes in the way that different participants, worker representatives and firm managers see their work. Thus, it is essential that various partners participate in the ergonomic study. Partners can participate through a project committee that brings together the key persons who will be trained in ergonomy, who will follow the progress of the study and who will develop recommendations and their application.The second part highlights the importance of ergonomists using data from different sources in order to better understand the complexity of the work activity. Results from the exploratory stage of a study of a turkey cutting production line are used, especially those related to the seventeen women working in rotation at several stations on this line. Results obtained from three workstations are compared, and analysis of accidents, observation of work activity, answers from individual interviews and group meetings are used to interpret results. Above all, the apparent lack of coherence of the results was surprising. This workstation, which was the one most often mentioned in accident reports, is precisely where the women workers spend the least amount of time (5 % of their working time), and where a smaller number of workers reported feeling pain symptoms. It is also the most hated workstation. On the other hand, the station which is best liked is the one with which most workers associate the development of their pain symptoms. The third station is used for the temporary assignment of injured workers, and is where many workers report problems related to maintaining a static posture. These three stations will be examined in turn in order to bring to light the demands of each one, the actual experiences of workers at these stations and the possible contributing factors to the development of skeletal muscle problems. For example, we consider the possibility that reports of skeletal muscle problems can be made more easily about a station where accident-type circumstances can be described (such as through pulling or hitting) than about a station where the work is more static (such as visual checking of quality) in spite of considerable posture constraints. We also highlight the potential significance of pride in work well-done and pushing oneself, which makes workers seek a station where, apart from the physical constraints, they could take up a challenge and derive personal satisfaction from it. We discover the creativity developed by workers in spite of the very repetitive nature of their work. In conclusion, these different, seemingly contradictory results demonstrate different aspects of the same reality and provide direction for discussions about improvements to be made. The third part is devoted to the systematic analysis of the activity and its use for improving work situations. Firstly, we describe the methods used in two work environments in order to obtain a more thorough understanding of the work activity and its determinants, and to make recommendations. These methods allow workers' know-how to be used profitably in order to better understand the work. Following the exploratory stage of the study of the turkey cutting production line, some of the stations were observed in more detall. The data are used to highlight the different operating methods developed by five workers at the same workstation, despite the fact that the work cycle only lasts twelve seconds. The differences show up in the order of operations and the movements and postures of work, thus demonstrating that on-line work which seems very stereotyped can be performed in very different ways. These differences also imply different physical demands as shown by the different skeletal muscle problems. Although the ways of doing things vary from one person to another, they can also vary in accordance with the conditions in which the work is performed. This fact was then demonstrated through the comparison of strategies of ten workers at the same workstation following two work paces. These different strategies developed by workers to cope with the demands for speed, given their physical capacity, have an impact on production. Complying with operating methods is of utmost importance since this involves the very identity of the people. However, the descriptions of these operating methods lead to the discovery of know-how which, used in training, can prevent some problems from developing. It is therefore very important to stress on know-how in these work environments where automation has resulted in the occupation being devalued. To conclude, the work of ergonomists is performed on several levels. Not only do they have to observe how people work and understand why they work in different ways, but they also have to be able to be convincing and create dynamics producing change in work. Moreover, given the importance of the approach of studying the multidimensional aspects of work activity, it is useful to bring the disciplines together in order to use current knowledge effectively thus serving to improve work safety and efficiency

Présentation des contributions

Dans le cadre du 18e Congrès de l’Association internationale d’ergonomie (2012, Recife, Brésil), le symposium Ergonomics analysis of work and training (EAWT) a rassemblé des chercheurs et des intervenants de plusieurs pays (Belgique, Brésil, Canada, France, Portugal, Suisse). Ce symposium s’inscrivait dans la continuité des autres symposiums EAWT tenus depuis 1991 sur les apports de l’analyse ergonomique aux situations de formation et d’apprentissage. Cette contribution de l’ergonomie s’est c..

Formadores en la indústria avícola: actores clave en situación difícil

This exploratory study examines the dynamics among three types of players involved in task training at three plants in the Québec poultry industry: training managers, instructors and apprentices (Chatigny et al., 2005). The main objective is to identify obstacles to implementation of training intended to facilitate the integrated learning of task-related skills and those related to occupational health and safety. The data is obtained from video recordings of interviews carried out during a study conducted by Richard et al. (2002) at three enterprises. Complementary interviews were conducted to contextualize and supplement the data analysis. The results show that trainers comprise three groups of stakeholders that include subgroups whose situations and needs vary. Moreover, trainers fulfil various roles as they create and maintain favourable dynamics for training and learning. Trainers are key intermediaries in the manager/apprentice relationship and in aspects related to task learning, OHS and training and production management. Participating companies recognized the importance of the evolution of training, but tend to favour a Taylorian logic to instructors´ and apprentices´ work and learning situations