414 research outputs found
Editorial Note
In this first issue of volume 17, the Journal has been proudly presenting five studies. The disciplines and issues of these research papers were somewhat diverse from applied laboratory work, to clinical practice both for pharmacy and nursing.In this challenging endeavor of the Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, we are hopeful to better the quality of the articles published. We urge more submissions from international research community, regional and global. We would like to thank in advance for any prospective submissions. Editor-in-Chie
Introduction
In this third issue of volume 15, the Journal has been proudly presenting research articles of various disciplines. For pharmacy practice, the study entitled âPrescription Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome with End-Stage Renal Diseaseâ shed the light on how well the use the antiplatelet therapy in a special group of patients, those with acute coronary syndrome and end-stage renal disease. The issue of suboptimal use has been known worldwide, and such phenomena in Thailand is also of great concern. In the second study on pharmacy practice entitled âIncidence and Clinical Features of Anti-epileptic Drug Related Adverse Drug Reactions in Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Thailand,â the effort to prevent adverse events from anti-epileptic drugs has been evident. The authors and their institute have pioneered and advanced all aspects of pharmacy practice and we hope to welcome more of their publications. A study in nursing practice entitled âEffectiveness of a Motivational Enhancement Group Therapy Program on Drug Abstinence Intention Among Thai Amphetamine-Abusing Youthsâ could have encouraged more advancement in helping young substance abusing addicts. On the technology side, the two studies entitled âPropranolol HCl and salicylic acid-loaded hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloidal silicon dioxide anhydrous gelsâ and âHPLC Analysis and Solvent Extraction of Emodin from Ventilago denticulata Willdâ are the testament for scientists on improving products and refining scientific procedures. In this challenging endeavor of the Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, we are hopeful to better the quality of the articles published. We urge more submissions from international research community, regional and global. We would like to thank in advance for any prospective submissions. Editor-in-Chie
Table of Content
Editorial Note
In this fourth issue of volume 17, the Journal has been proudly presenting five studies. The disciplines and issues of these research papers were somewhat diverse from applied laboratory work, to clinical practice both for pharmacy and nursing.
In this challenging endeavor of the Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal, we are hopeful to better the quality of the articles published. We urge more submissions from international research community, regional and global. We would like to thank in advance for any prospective submissions.
Editor-in-Chie
Challenges and Opportunities of eLearning: A Case Study of Higher Education in Thailand
This paper examines the issues related to the implementation of e-Learning at the National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), one of the best higher education institutions in Thailand. e-Learning at NIDA offered a promise of enhancing the quality of both teaching and learning, benefiting both faculty and students alike. For example, e-Learning would provide collaborative tools in order to facilitate the communication of both professors and students. Professors could assign assignments on e-Learning websites. A webboard would enable students to post questions and allow professors to respond to each student, and lectures would be recorded and posted on the e-Learning website so that students could review or even download them into a portable device, such as an iPod and/or cell phone. Despite the promises of e-Learning, there were significant obstacles to the implementation of the project. For example, there was a limited budget for its implementations, and the cost-benefit justification was not clear. Also, the e-Learning project faced resistance from some (old) professors that did not want to use e-Learning since they were comfortable with their old style of teaching. Some professors were also afraid of putting their materials online since it was felt that other professors might steal the content. The data collection methods for this study include in-depth interviews, focus groups, and observation, and the results indicate that e-Learning can dramatically change the process of learning and teaching. Also, e-Learning implementation involves not only technology but also people, teaching and the learning process. The issues investigated in this study can be used as a guideline for other e-Learning implementations
The Analysis of the Telecommunications Industry in Thailand
Telecommunications has been considered a critical infrastructure for any nation. National competitiveness increasingly depends upon the telecommunications infrastructure because telecommunications and information technology have become a critical driving factor for social and economic development. However, the telecommunications infrastructure in Thailand is considered below the world average despite its importance to national competitiveness. Thailand is still among a few developing countries that do not have a 3G network. Broadband Internet is uncommon. The telecommunications industry has been influenced by a concession system that creates unfair competition and that lacks freedom. There has been an increase in public dissatisfaction with certain telecommunication services. This paper investigates the various issues in the telecommunications industry in Thailand. The information in the study was acquired through analysis of secondary sources, observation, and focus groups. The results of this study can be used as âlessons learnedâ for the development of the telecommunications industry in any developing country
Performance of Retailers in Evaluating the Quality of Thai Traditional Non-Prescription Drug Products
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļ āļāļĨāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļāļļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļ 73 āļĢāđāļēāļ āļāļĩāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāđāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļāļāļĢāļāļēāļĒāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļāļĩāļāļāļļāļĢāļĩāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāđāļĄāļāļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļāļ§āļ āđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĄāļŠāļ āļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļ (23 āļāđāļ) āļāļĨāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļ (9 āļāđāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļāļļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļ (4 āļāđāļ) āđāļāļĒāļāļđāđāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļđāđāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĄāļŠāļ āļēāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§ āđāļĨāđāļ§āđāļŦāđāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāđāļāļĨāļ°           1 āļāļ°āđāļāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāđāļŠāļāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļēāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļŠāđāļ§āļāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļāļēāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļąāļāļŠāļĢāļĢāļāđāļ§āļĒ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļāļĄāļĩāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĄāļŠāļ āļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļāđāļ 15.60 Âą 5.32 āļāļ°āđāļāļ (āļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļīāļāđāļāđāļ 67.83% āļāļāļ 23 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļąāļāļŠāļĢāļĢ āļāļ·āļ āļ§āļļāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļķāļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļāļāļāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļēāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĄāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļĨāļēāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļ 4.96 Âą 2.33 āļāļ°āđāļāļ (55.11% āļāļāļ 9 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āđāļāļĒāļāļđāđāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŠāļđāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļēāļāļĢāļĩāļĄāļĩāļāļ°āđāļāļāļŠāļđāļāļŠāļļāļ (6.20 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āļĄ.6 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāđāļģāļāļ§āđāļēāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļķāļāļāļ§āļ. āļĄāļĩāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāđāļģāļŠāļļāļ (3.67 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī (P = 0.048) āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļāļļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļĢāđāļāļāđāļāđāļ 3.16 Âą 0.97 āļāļ°āđāļāļ (79% āļāļāļ 4 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļđāļāļāļąāļ āļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļŠāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄāļīāļāļāļļāļāļ āļēāļ, āļāļĨāļīāļāļ āļąāļāļāđāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ, āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ, āļāļđāđāļāđāļēāļāļĨāļĩāļ Abstract Objective: To determine retailersâ performance in assessing the product problems regarding physical properties, labels and packaging. Methods: In this survey study, 73 retail stores in the provinces of Nakhonnayk and Prajinburi were recruited by means of convenience sampling and the data were collected using a questionnaire and samples of defective products (23 questions), incomplete labels (9 questions) and damaged packages (4 questions). The researcher read each question with the corresponding sample for the retailer to identify the problem. A score of one was given for each correct answer. The results were presented as frequency with percentage, and mean with standard deviation. Differences in scores by select factors were also tested. Results: The mean performance score for identifying the physically defective products was 15.60 Âą 5.32, or 67.83% of a total of 23. The score did not differ by educational level, business operation period, type of retailer, or experience in academic training on these products. The mean performance score on identifying incomplete labels was 4.96 Âą 2.33, or 55.11% of a total of nine. The mean score in those with postgraduate degrees (6.20 points) was higher than those with a high school diploma or an associate degree (3.67) with a statistical significance (P = 0.048). The mean performance score of identifying damaged packages was 3.16 Âą 0.97, or 79.00% of a total of four. Conclusion: The retailer performance in identifying problems with Thai traditional non-prescription drug products was not at a high level. Various involving parties had the opportunity to educate these retailers. Keywords: quality evaluation, Thai traditional non-prescription drug    products, performance, retailer
āļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļģāļĨāļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ āđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļ āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļāļĄāļĩ āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāļđāđāđāļāļāļŠāļ·āļāđāļŠāļēāļ°āļŦāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļģāļĨāļāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļ āļēāļāđāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāļāđāļŦāļ§āļāļĩāđāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļķāđāļ
āļĢāļąāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄ: 20 āļāļļāļĨāļēāļāļĄ 2565;Â āđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄ: 19 āļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļāļąāļāļāđ 2566; āļĒāļāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļĩāļāļīāļĄāļāđ: 27 āļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļāļąāļāļāđ 2566; āļāļĩāļāļīāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāđāļĨāļāđ: 28 āļāļĪāļĐāļ āļēāļāļĄ 2566
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āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ:Â āđāļāļāļāļģāļĨāļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđ Â āļāļąāļāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļāđāļāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāđāļāļĄāļĩ Â āļ āļēāļāđāļāļĨāļ·āđāļāļāđāļŦāļ§
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Abstract
Learning and understanding scientific models are the heart of learning science, especially in chemistry, since most of the chemistry content is quite complicated to understand. If students understand modeling and create modeling, it will be easier to understand the chemistry content. The purpose of this research was to develop studentsâ construction scientific model ability. The target group was 30 gradeâ11 students. Research instruments were composed of: 1) lesson plans, 2) animations, 3) scientific model ability tests of factors effecting chemical reaction rate, 4) interview and 5) reflection notes. This study was qualitative research to examine studentsâ ability to create scientific modeling before and after learning. According to the research, it was found that before studying, the studentsâ ability to create science models was at an improved level. After the learning process, the students were able to create scientific models at an excellent level. The results showed that the quest for knowledge using modelâbased learning together with animation improved studentsâ ability to create scientific models in all aspects, and the animations created by the researcher can encourage students to understand the behavior of substances at the molecular level and reaction rates.
Keywords:Â Scientific modeling, Factors affecting chemical reaction rate, Animation
Effects of Using Guideline for Home Visits for Family Pharmacists of Samutsakhon Hospital
Objectives: To determine the effect of home visit using guideline for pharmacists at Samutsakhon Hospital on the patientâs need for home visit. Methods: This quasi-experiment study was the second part of the research and development study to develop the guideline for home visits for family pharmacists conducted from June to December 2015. Fifteen patients with level A of need for home visit (i.e., the highest need) and level B were subject to recruitment. Drug related problems and sufferings were considered in grading these need levels. After home visits, level of home visit need was re-evaluated. Findings on individual patients, as well as, frequency with percentage were presented. Results: All 15 patients were in level A of home visit need. Most were transferred for home visit by pharmacists in in-patient pharmaceutical care service (11 patients). The majority were female (60.00%), married (46.67%), having no job (80.00%), using universal care scheme (93.33%), having caregiver (60.00%), with a mean age of 61 years. Of a total of 47 home visits, 3 home visits were made per patient with a range of 1 to 7 visits. At the end of the study, the majority of the patients stayed at level A (60.00%), while the rest 40.00% were alleviated to level B. Conclusion: Home visits by family pharmacists using the guideline established for Samutsakhon Hospital were executable and could alleviate the need level from A to B in 40% of patients. Future research with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up period should be conducted. Keywords: family pharmacist, guideline for home visit, drug related problems, drug related suffering
āļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ Effects of A Mobile Phone Application in Examining Dosage of High Alert Drugs Compared with Manual Calculation
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ
āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļāđāļāđāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļĄāļāļīāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļ cross-over design āļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩ two-period (āļāđāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ washout period), two-sequence (āđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļāļāļēāļĄāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļ), two-method (āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ) āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļąāļ§āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢ 31 āļāļ āļāļĩāđāļāļģāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļāļąāđāļ§āđāļāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĨāļĻāļđāļāļĒāđ 5 āđāļŦāđāļ āļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļāđāļ§āļāļāļąāļāļ§āļēāļāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2558 āļāļķāļāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2559 āđāļāļĒāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļāļāļāļĢāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļŠāļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļ āđāļĨāđāļ§āļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļģāļŠāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļĄāļāļīāļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāļģāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļĒāļēāđāļŦāđāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļ§āđāļēāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāđāļĄāđ āđāļāļĒāļāļāļŠāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļ 6 āļāļāļīāļ āļāļ·āļ dobutamine, dopamine, potassium chloride, nicardipine, nitroglycerine āđāļĨāļ° norepinephrine āđāļāļĒāđāļŠāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāđāļāđāļ (1) āļāļąāļāļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļē (ml/hr) (2) āļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļ§āļĢāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļ (Âĩg/kg/min) āđāļĨāļ° (3) āļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļąāļāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļąāđāļ āđ (mg) āđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļŠāļąāđāļāļĒāļē 7 āđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļāļāđāļēāļĒāđāļāļĨāđāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļē āđāļŦāđāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļąāđāļ 7 āđāļāđāļĨāđāļ§āļāļąāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļ āđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļģāđāļāđāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļ (āđāļāđāļĄ 7 āļāļ°āđāļāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāđāļāđāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļĒ ANOVA āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļŠāđāļ§āļāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļē 6 āļāļ°āđāļāļāļāļķāđāļāđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāļāđ period, sequence āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ method āđāļāđāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļąāļāļāļ·āļ āļāđāļ§āļāđāļĢāļ (1,014.65 āļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩ) āđāļāđāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāđāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļāļ (852.90 āļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩ) āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī (P-value = 0.002) āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļ (649.06 āļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩ) āļāđāļāļĒāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ (1,218.48 āļ§āļīāļāļēāļāļĩ) āļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī (P-value < 0.001) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāļāļ āđ āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļ§āļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĄāļ·āļ āđāļāđāļĨāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļ
āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āđāļāļāļāļĨāļīāđāļāļāļąāļ, āđāļāļĢāļĻāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļ·āļ, āļāļĢāļ§āļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļē, āļĒāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļđāļ
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Abstract
Objectives: To compare scores and times in examining prescribed doses of high-alert drugs (HADs) in prescriptions between mobile phone application and manual calculation. Methods: This cross-over study tested two-period, two-sequence (application use followed by manual calculation and vice versa) and two-method (application and manual calculation) effects on scores and time in examining prescribed doses of 6 HADs (dobutamine, dopamine, potassium chloride, nicardipine, nitroglycerine and norepinephrine). Sample was 31 pharmacists working in 5 general hospitals and medical centers. The study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. The developed android application displayed all calculation steps. With each method, pharmacists examined (1) rate of administration (ml/hr) (2) dose per kg per min and (3) total dose (mg) in 7 prescriptions along with questions with comparable difficulty. Scores (total of 7 points) and time (in seconds) were recorded and statistically tested using ANOVA. Questionnaire on desirable characteristics the application was filled at the end of the experiment and presented as percentage. Results: Total scores on examining the prescribed doses were mostly more than 6 points with no statistical difference regarding differences in period, sequence or method. Time used in the first period (1,014.65 seconds) was longer than that in the second period (852.90 seconds) with statistical significance (P-value = 0.002), and that with application use (649.06 seconds) was shorter than that with manual calculation (1,218.48 seconds) with statistical significance (P-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Mobile phone application offered performance in examining prescribed doses of HADs comparable to that of manual calculation but with a shorter time.
Keywords: application, mobile phone, dose examination, high alert drug
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