A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Human Rights of Mentally Ill among College Students in Sakthi College of Arts and Science for women at Oddanchatram

A study was conducted "to assess the effectiveness of ‘planned teaching programme’ on improving the knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram The objectives of the study were, • To assess the pre – test level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram. • To compare the pre – test and post - test level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram. • To assess the effectiveness of ‘planned teaching programme’ on improving the knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram. • To find out the association between pre-test level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students with selected demographic variables in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram. The research design was adopted for this study is a Quasi –experimental design (One group pre-test post-test design). [The study adopted pre test, intervention and post test]. The conceptual frame work was based on King’s goal attainment theory. It consists of concepts that are communication-perception-reaction, and communication transaction-feedback. In this study the researcher administers planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students in Sakthi College of arts and science at Oddanchatram. The basis assumption of the theory is the college students has to improve the knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill and finally validating that the need for help was met. The sample size consists of 30 students those who are studied in second year B.Sc (Physics) at Sakthi College of arts and science for women at Oddanchatram. Pre test data was collected by researcher using modified questionnaires on 1st day. College students received intervention of ‘Planned teaching programme regarding rights of mentally ill’ on 2nd day. Post test was conducted by the researcher for using the same questionnaires on the 3rd day. The Finding shows that, among 30 samples, 27 (73.33%) samples belonged to the Age Group 18 years, whereas only 1 (73.3%) of the sample belonged to the age group of 20 years and above. Regarding Religion majority15 (50%) samples belonged to the Hindu Religion, whereas only 3 (10%) of the samples belonged to the Muslim religion. Regarding Educational Status of the parents, majority 9(30%).of the samples belongs to the undergraduate degree and 6 (20%) of the samples belongs to post graduate. Regarding to the parents occupation majority is12 (40%) of the samples belongs to the private employee and 4 (13.3%) of the samples belongs to unemployed. Regarding any medical professionals majority 27 (90%) of the samples are say “No” and 3 (10%) of them says “Yes”. Regarding any mental ill patients in her family, 26 (86.7%).of the samples say “No” and 4 (13.3%) says “Yes”. Regarding Previous knowledge about rights mentally ill patients, 25 (83.3%) samples say that, “No” and 5 (16.6%) of them says that, “Yes”. The findings shows that in pre test scores on the level of Level of Knowledge 17 (56.67%) of them had No Knowledge, 9 (30%) of them had Low Knowledge, and 4 (13.33%) of them had Moderate Knowledge respectively. Whereas post test scores on the level of Level of Knowledge 3 (10%) of them had Low Knowledge, 9(30%) of them had Moderate Knowledge and 18 (60%) of them had High Knowledge respectively. This finding reveals that, after the planned teaching programme the level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students were improved in post test than pre test. The finding shows that the pre test calculated value was 2.1 and the tablatde ’t’ value is 1.699, which was significant at P< 0.05. Hence H1 is accepted. It can be concluded that ‘planned teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge level among college students. The finding shows that, there was statistically significant association between the level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students and their demographic variables like parents occupation, medical professionals in their family, mentally ill patients in their family and previous knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill. And the findings shows that, there was not statistically significant association between the level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill among college students and their demographic variables like age group, religion, and educational status of the parents and presents of mentally ill patients in their family

Competition amongst Eph receptors regulates contact inhibitions of locomotion and invasiveness in prostate cancer cells

Metastatic cancer cells typically fail to halt migration on contact with non-cancer cells. This invasiveness is in contrast to normal mesenchymal cells that retract on contact with another cell. Why cancer cells are defective in contact inhibition of locomotion is not understood. Here, we analyse the dynamics of prostate cancer cell lines co-cultured with fibroblasts, and demonstrate that a combinatorial code of Eph receptor activation dictates whether cell migration will be contact inhibited. The unimpeded migration of metastatic PC-3 cells towards fibroblasts is dependent on activation of EphB3 and EphB4 by ephrin-B2, which we show activates Cdc42 and cell migration. Knockdown of EphB3 and EphB4 restores contact inhibition of locomotion to PC-3 cells. Conversely, homotypic collisions between two cancer cells results in contact inhibition of locomotion, mediated by EphA- Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK) signalling. Thus, the migration of cancer cells can switch from restrained to invasive, depending on the Eph-receptor profile of the cancer cell and the reciprocal ephrin ligands expressed by neighbouring cells.11 page(s

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field