The major HLA-B-C haplotypes in Pumwani sex worker cohort.

<p>Note: The ‘n’ represents the number of subjects studied; ‘2n’ indicates number of chromosomes; Numbers in parentheses represent percent frequency.</p

Kaplan-Meier plot of HLA class I haplotypes associated with rapid HIV-1 seroconversion, along with constituent alleles.

<p>(A) A*23∶01-C*02∶02; (B) A*23∶01; (C) C*02∶02; (D) B*42∶01-C*17∶01; (E) B*42∶01; (F) C*17∶01; (G) B*07∶02-C*07∶02; (H) B*07∶02; (I) C*07∶02. Solid line represents women with the specific haplotype or allele. Dashed line represents women without the specific haplotype or allele.</p

Kaplan-Meier plot of HLA class I haplotypes associated with rapid HIV-1 disease progression, along with constituent alleles.

<p>(A) A*30∶02-B*45∶01; (B) A*30∶02; (C) B*45∶01; (D) A*30∶02-C*16∶01; (E) A*30∶02; (F) C*16∶01; (G) B*53∶01-C*04∶01; (H) B*53∶01; (I) C*04∶01; (J) B*15∶10-C*03∶04; (K) B*15∶10; (L) C*03∶04; (M) B*58∶01-C*03∶02; (N) B*58∶01; (O) C*03∶02. Solid line represents women with the specific haplotype or allele. Dashed line represents women without the specific haplotype or allele.</p

The major HLA-A-B Haplotypes in Pumwani sex worker cohort.

<p>Note: The ‘n’ represents the number of subjects studied; ‘2n’ indicates number of chromosomes; Numbers in parentheses represent percent frequency.</p

Kaplan-Meier plot of HLA class I haplotypes associated with slower HIV-1 disease progression, along with constituent alleles.

<p>(A) A*74∶01-B*15∶03; (B) A*74∶01; (C) B*15∶03; (D) A*74∶01-B*15∶03-C*02∶02; (E) A*74∶01; (F) C*02∶02; (G) B*14∶02-C*08∶02; (H) B*14∶02; (I) C*08∶02. Solid line represents women with the specific haplotype or allele. Dashed line represents women without the specific haplotype or allele.</p

HLA class I haplotypes associated with seroconversion and disease progression in Pumwani sex worker cohort.

<p>HLA class I haplotypes associated with seroconversion and disease progression in Pumwani sex worker cohort.</p

Backward Cox Regression analysis of haplotype effect on disease progression.

<p>Backward Cox Regression analysis of haplotype effect on disease progression.</p

Backward Cox Regression analysis of haplotype effect on seroconversion.

<p>Backward Cox Regression analysis of haplotype effect on seroconversion.</p

Elafin attenuates HIV-1-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and mRNA expression of TLR3 and RIG-I genes in response to R5-HIV-1_ADA.

<p>Immunofluorescence staining of NF-κB/p65 and its nuclear translocation following either medium alone or polyI:C 25 µg/ml, or 10 ng of R5-HIV-1_ADA p24 treatment for 4 h in presence or absence of pre-treatment with 1 µg/ml of cTr or E proteins is demonstrated (<i>A</i>). Representative staining is shown for NF-κB/p65 (green) visualized by Alexa488, nuclear stain (red) visualized by propidium iodide (PI), and composite (yellow). Representative data set from three independent experiments is shown. Scale bar, 20 mm. TLR3 (<i>B</i>) and RIG-I (<i>C</i>) mRNA expression was assessed by harvesting total RNA and performing RT-qPCR at 8 h post treatment with 10 ng of R5-HIV-1_ADA p24. Values are normalized against 18S and presented as relative expression. Representative data set from three independent experiments is shown as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with p considered significant when p<0.05.</p

Schematic and protease inhibitory properties of trappin-2 and elafin protein preparations.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Schematic diagrams of tested human trappin-2 (Tr) and elafin (E) (Tr/E) protein preparations. sTr, human secreted Tr (without a tag); TG, transglutaminase domain; WAP, whey acidic protein domain; cTr, human commercial recombinant 6×His-trappin-2, a mixture of both Tr and E (with a C terminus His-tag); Eh, human recombinant E purified from cTr (with a C terminus His-tag); E, human commercial recombinant elafin (without a tag); hE, in-house human recombinant HAT-E (with an N terminus HAT-tag). (<i>B</i>) Protease inhibitory activity of different Tr/E proteins was tested by combining human neutrophil elastase (HNE) with various concentrations of Tr or E and measuring residual activity of HNE by adding a chromogenic elastase specific substrate <i>N</i>-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val <i>p</i>-nitroanilide and monitoring the change in absorbance at 405 nm over 15 min. Results are expressed relative to the NHE activity of a positive control (HNE in diluent alone); cTr (○); sTr, (◊); E, (▵); hE, (□).</p