The <i>gprB</i> and–<i>D</i> mRNA accumulation levels in different growth conditions in the wild-type strain.

<p>(A) and (C) gprB; (B) and (D) <i>gprD</i>.</p

Sub-cellular location of GprB and–D.

<p>(A) GprB::GFP, (B) GprD::mRFP (grown in MM+0% glucose), (C) GprD::mRFP (grown in MM+0.1% glucose), and (D) GprD::mRFP (grown in MM+1.0% glucose) at 30°C (Bars, 10 µm).</p

The <i>ΔgprB</i> and <i>ΔgprD</i> growth on different carbon sources.

<p>Growth phenotypes of strains having the indicated relevant, partial genotypes on the indicated solid media after 72 hours at 37°C.</p

Categorization of genes differentially expressed in <i>A. nidulans</i> mutant strains grown on glucose compared to the wild-type strain.

*<p>Categorization enrichment analysis were performed with p<0.001.</p

Determination of the protein kinase A activity for the wild-type, <i>ΔgprB</i> and <i>ΔgprD</i> mutant strains.

<p>Protein kinase A (PKA) activity is increased and decreased in the <i>ΔgprB</i> and <i>ΔgprD</i> mutant strains, respectively, upon carbon starvation. These three strains were grown for 24 hours in liquid minimal medium supplemented with 2% glucose. Then, their mycelia were transferred to liquid minimal medium without carbon source for 12 and 24 hours. The control represents PKA activity before transferring the mycelia to liquid medium without any carbon source. (A) Absolute levels of PKA activity from cultures of the wild-type, <i>ΔgprB</i>, and <i>ΔgprD</i>mutant strains for control MM+2% glucose) and carbon-starved for 12 and 24 hours. (B) Difference in PKA activity between the wild-type strain and <i>ΔgprB</i> and <i>ΔgprD</i>mutant strains. One unit of kinase activity is defined as the number of nanomoles of phosphate transferred to a substrate per minute per milliliter. The <i>t</i>-test was used to compare the mutant strains with the wild-type strain (<i>p</i>-value<0.05, **, and<0.01 *).</p

The metabolome of <i>A. nidulans ΔgprB</i> and <i>ΔgprB</i> strains grown on glucose.

<p>(A) PCA plot illustrating the variance of the integrals from NMR spectral data for all strains collected at 24 or 48 hours. (B–D) Column charts for identified metabolites expressed in Relative Metabolite Levels (Calculated taking Log2 of molar ratios from integrated spectral data). Metabolite levels were measured and averaged for each strain after 24 hours of growth (<i>black</i>) and 48 hours of growth (<i>light grey</i>). Using a two-way ANOVA, at 24 hours P<0.001 was determined for leucine/isoleucine, valine, isoleucine, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, malate, and aspartate, P<0.05 was determined for glucose. At 48 hours, P<0.001 was determined for valine and glucose, P<0.01 was determined for isoleucine and lactate, P<0.05 was determined for leucine/isoleucine and β-hydroxybutyrate. The columns not sharing the same letter are significantly different from strains within their time of collection (Tukey HSD, <i>p</i><0.05).</p