Virus yield from goat monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) inoculated with RVFV.

<p>MoDCs were infected with insect cell-derived RVFV (IN-RVFV) or mammalian cell –derived RVFV (MAM-RVFV) and after 24 h, the virus in supernatants was quantified by plaque assay. Histograms represent means + standard deviation.</p

Changes in cell population frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in RVFV-infected goats.

<p>Column A: PBMCs from IN-RVFV-infected goats; Column B: PBMCs from MAM-RVFV-infected goats; Column C: Cell frequencies expressed as a percentage of pre-infection value for —▪— IN-RVFV and —♦—MAM RVFV- infected goats (n = 4 goats each). Data points in column A and B represent individual animals and the line represents the means. In column C data points represent means + standard deviation (error bars). MAM-RVFV = RVFV produced in the mammalian cell line Vero E6, IN-RVFV = RVFV produced in the insect cell line C6/36.</p

Adaptive cell mediated immunity in RVFV-infected goats.

<p>Means of PBMC IFN-γ response from IN-RVFV-infected goats are represented by the open histograms and MAM-RVFV infected goats by the filled histograms. Error bars represent standard deviation of means (n = 4 goats each). MAM-RVFV = RVFV produced in the mammalian cell line Vero E6, IN-RVFV = RVFV produced in the insect cell line C6/36.</p

Antibody response in RVFV-infected goats.

<p>Antibody response to RVFV was measured by plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT). The reciprocal of the serum dilution giving at least 70% plaque inhibition relative to the virus control was taken as the PRNT₇₀ titre for that sample. MAM-RVFV = mammalian cell-derived RVFV, IN-RVFV = insect cell-derived RVFV.</p

Virus detection in tissues from pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> (ZEBOV).

<p>Virus detection for pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> in experiment 2 was done by quantitative real time RT-PCR targeting the L gene of ZEBOV and L gene copy numbers estimated based on a standard curve. Data represents log₁₀ copies/mL of tissue suspension (numbers in brackets represent standard deviations of 3 replicates for each sample). SLN, submandibular lymph node; BLN, bronchial lymph node; MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes, U, virus was either absent or below levels detectable by the current assay.</p

IgM antibody response in <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> (ZEBOV)-infected pigs.

<p>IgM was detected by a porcine IgM capture ELISA using serum from pigs in experiment 2. Data for individual animals is presented as adjusted OD₄₀₅ obtained by subtracting the OD₄₀₅ of a negative antigen from that of the ZEBOV antigen for 1/100 dilution of each serum sample. The horizontal broken line represents the cut-off OD₄₀₅ value defined as mean +3 standard deviation of negative control sera.</p

Up-regulation of pattern recognition receptors, transcription factors and interferon stimulated genes in lungs from pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus.</i>

<p>Data was obtained by microarray analysis of RNA from lungs of pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> in experiment 1. Numbers represent fold change in transcription relative to tissues from uninfected controls. DPI, days post infection. N = 2 pigs for controls, DPI 3, 5 and 7.</p

Induction of proapoptotic molecules in lungs from pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus.</i>

<p>Data was obtained by microarray analysis of RNA from lungs of pigs infected with <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> in experiment 1. Numbers represent fold change in transcription relative to tissues from uninfected controls. DPI, days post infection. N = 2 pigs for controls, DPI 3, 5 and 7.</p

Systemic cytokine response in <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> (ZEBOV)-infected pigs.

<p>(A) Serum IFN-α, and (B), serum IL-6 response were measured by ELISA. Data points represent means ± standard deviation for n = 6 pigs on 0, 1, 3 and 5 days post infection (DPI) and n = 3 pigs on DPI 6 from experiment 2. Histograms represent means ± standard deviation of fold change in mRNA transcripts for (C) IL-12; (D) TNF-α, and (E) IFN-γ in PBMCs (n = 6 pigs) from experiment 2.</p

Model for pulmonary disease pathogenesis in <i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> (ZEBOV)-infected pigs based on microarray data.

<p>Arrows show the proposed sequence of events that take place from the time of ZEBOV infection to the development of lung inflammation and respiratory distress. The grey shaded blocks represent the anti-viral/anti-inflammatory machinery. The scale suggests that the series of events favour the proinflammatory pathway.</p