Map of the endemic area and locations of the entomological and serological surveys carried out between 1995 and 2008.

<p>1- Playa de Oro, 2 - Angostura, 3 -Guayabal, 4 -Agua Salada, 5 -Pichiyacu, 6 - Playa Grande, 7- Herradura, 8 -San Miguel, 9- El Tigre, 10-Agua Blanca, 11- Callemansa, 12 - Corriente Grande, 13 – Colón de Onzole, 14 - Calpulí, 15 - Las Pavas, 16- Naranjal.</p

Entomological assessment 1995, 2000, 2004 and 2008, in the major collection sites located in three major river systems in the onchocerciasis endemic zone of Ecuador.

<p>No. =  Number of black flies analyzed; IR =  infectivity rate in fly heads (per 2000); CI =  Confidence Interval; ND =  Not done;</p><p>* =  treatment was stopped in this particular river system prior to this date.</p

The prevalence of anti-<i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> antibodies (Ov-16 antigen) in 1–15 year old children resident in the community collection sites in the onchocerciasis endemic area of Ecuador.

<p>Samples taken in 2001 and 2008.</p><p>Rounds  =  The number of rounds of treatment received; Total number present  =  Total number of children within the tested age range present in the community; NA =  not available</p

Drug distribution coverage for the Onchocerciasis Program.

<p>Percentage (%) of eligible people treated every 6 months from 1991–2009. Line indicates a 85% coverage level.</p

The prevalence of anti-<i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> antibodies (Ov-16 antigen) in 1-16 year old children resident in various communities within the onchocerciasis endemic area of Ecuador.

<p>Samples taken in 2006 and 2007.</p><p>Rounds  =  The number of rounds of treatment received; Total number present  =  Total number of children within the tested age range present in the community; NA =  not available.</p

Long-term effects of FLBZ on developing embryos.

<p>Exposure period was 24 hr in culture prior to re-implantation. Time to recovery after transplant was 4 weeks. A. Oocytes, DMSO control; B. Morulae, DMSO control; C. Oocytes, 100 nM; D. Early Morulae, 1 μM; E. Late Morulae, 100 nM; F. Microfilariae, 10 μM.</p

Tissue damage score following recovery of FLBZ-exposed <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> females from naïve jirds.

<p>A, B. Worms incubated for 24 hr prior to transplantation and recovered from jirds for 5 days, 4 weeks or 8 weeks after. Data is a combination of two experiments. In experiment one worms transplanted into each of three jirds for all treatment groups were maintained for 5 days or 4 weeks. Worms transplanted into each of three jirds per treatment group in experiment two were maintained for 4 weeks or 8 weeks. The 4 week data were combined for presentation purposes. A minimum of 25 worms were assessed histologically C, D. Worms incubated for 6, 12, or 24 hr prior to recovery at 8 weeks. Worms were transplanted into each of three jirds per treatment group, following the appropriate duration of <i>in vitro</i> exposure to FLBZ. The number of worms assessed histologically ranged from 11 to 39. Damage scored as minor (1), moderate (2), severe (3), or no damage (0) by two methods: A, C. Individual section scoring method; B, D. Classical histopathological survey method.</p

a. Mean RMS amplitudes for live and dead adult male and female <i>B. pahangi</i>.

<p><b>b</b>. Mean RMS amplitudes for adult females treated with different molar concentrations of imatinib mesylate, (*) significant differences from before drug treatment at 1hpt and on (p<0.0291). <b>c</b>. Mean RMS amplitudes for adult females treated with different molar concentrations of chloroquine significant differences from before drug treatment at 1hpt and on (p<0.0346).</p

Effect of FLBZ on recovery of exposed and transplanted adult <i>B</i>. <i>malayi</i> male and female worms from the peritoneal cavity of naïve jirds.

<p>A. Five day, four week, or eight week maintenance in jirds after transplantation following 24 hr in culture. Data is a combination of two experiments. In experiment one 20 worms (10 male and ten female) were transplanted into each of three jirds for all treatment groups and maintained for 5 days or 4 weeks. Thirty worms (15 male and 15 female) were transplanted into each of three jirds per treatment group in experiment two and maintained for 4 weeks or 8 weeks. The 4 week data from each experiment did not differ significantly, therefore, they were combined for presentation purposes. B. Worm recovery eight weeks after transplantation following 6, 12, or 24 hr exposure to FLBZ <i>in vitro</i>. Thirty worms (15 male and 15 female) were transplanted into each of three jirds per treatment group, following the appropriate duration of <i>in vitro</i> exposure to FLBZ. Bars indicate the mean recovery of worms, both male and female, from each jird in a treatment group. Lines represent the standard deviation.</p

a. Mean RMS amplitudes of <i>C. elegans</i> L1 from 0 and 100 worms, live and dead.

<p><b>b</b>. FFT of 100 <i>C. elegans</i> L1(blue), overlaid with 100 <i>b. pahangi</i> (black), and blank (red). <b>c</b>. Ratios of selected frequency ranges of <i>C. elegans</i> L1 motion, showing significant differences (*) in RMS amplitudes of degraded worms vs blanks (p<0.0001), healthy worms vs blank (p<0.0001), and healthy worms vs degraded in all but the ratio of middle frequency range to high frequency range (p = 0.3095).</p