Simultaneous Parasitism of Field-Collected Green Cloverworm, \u3ci\u3eHypena Scabra\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae by Endoparasitioids and an Entomopathogenic Fungus

The impacts of entomopathogens (e.g., fungi, bacteria, protists and viruses) on larval Lepidoptera and their associated insect parasitoids have been examined in laboratory studies but field studies of interaction between these two mortality factors are rare. We present field observations of concurrent insect parasitism and fungal disease infection in larvae of the green cloverworm, Hypena scabra, a sporadic pest of soybean (Glycine max) in North America. We reared ten parasitoid species from H. scabra larvae during our three-month study. Three parasitoid species were dominant and overlapped the period of infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi: Aleiodes nolophanae, Cotesia plathypenae and Campylochaeta plathypenae. Two of the three parasitoid species, Co. plathypenae and Ca. plathypenae, completed development within H. scabra larvae infected by N. rileyi. Overall incidence of simultaneous parasitism and fungal infection was low, averaging 6.7% of H. scabra larvae parasitized by Ca. plathypenae and 3.3% of those parasitized by Co. plathypenae

8. The 1980s

From the Introduction, “The Changes at ILR that began in the seventies slipped imperceptibly into the eighties, and those that may have originated at that time have, for better or worse, left their mark on the present decade. In other words, dividing history into decades is not a particularly precise way of delineating times. Clearly, there was much gaiety preceding and following the Gay Nineties, as there were certainly many roars heard before and after the Roaring Twenties. Moreover, since the speed of change in academia runs at such a leisurely pace, it is virtually impossible to say exactly when an idea found its way into formal practice. Includes: Introduction; A Dean’s View, 1980-85; Deaning, 1985-88; Robert Risley; and An Advisory Council Perspective