Stability of rectal-specific microbicide formulations.

<p>*not required.</p

HIV-1 replication in colonic tissue obtained through surgical resection and flexible sigmoidoscopy.

<p>Polarized cultures were set-up in duplicate. Titrations of HIV-1_BaL and HIV-1_JR-CSF were applied to the apical surface and allowed to culture overnight. The following day, the tissues were thoroughly washed and followed through day 21 of culture. HIV-1 replication (p24 ELISA) was monitored in the basolateral supernatant collected every 3 to 4 days of culture. The data presented are the median ±95% confidence interval of 7 tissues for HIV-1_BaL and 5 tissues for HIV-1_JR-CSF for surgical resections; and 12 tissues for HIV-1_BaL and 9 tissues for HIV-1_JR-CSF for flexible sigmoidoscopy.</p

HIV-1 replication across four major areas of the colon.

<p>Tissues from the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon were evaluated for the ability of HIV-1_BaL to infect and replicate. Tissues were set-up in polarized conditions and HIV-1 was applied to the apical, luminal surface. After overnight culture, the tissues were washed and followed through day 21 of culture. HIV-1 replication (p24 ELISA) was monitored in the basolateral supernatant collected every 3 to 4 days of culture. The data presented are a median of 7, 6 (ascending and sigmoid), and 4 (transverse and descending) tissues ±95% confidence interval.</p

The impact of semen on HIV-1 replication by colonic tissue.

<p>Tissues were set-up in duplicate in polarized cultures to evaluate the effects of semen on HIV-1 infection (A) or on tissue viability/architecture (B). (A) HIV-1_BaL or HIV-1_JR-CSF was mixed with 50% whole semen and applied to the apical surface and cultured overnight. The following day, the tissues were thoroughly washed and followed through day 21 of culture. HIV-1 replication (p24 ELISA) was monitored in the basolateral supernatant collected every 3 to 4 days of culture. The data presented are the median ±95% confidence interval of 5 tissues for HIV-1_BaL and HIV-1_JR-CSF each for surgical resections; and 7 tissues for HIV-1_BaL and 5 tissues for HIV-1_JR-CSF for flexible sigmoidoscopy. (B) 50% semen was added to the apical surface of surgical resections (SR) or flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS). As controls, medium alone (untreated control) or medium containing a 1∶5 dilution of a 3% nonoxynol-9 (N9)-containing gel were used. After an overnight culture, tissues were washed with one piece further cultured in medium containing 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan for the MTT assay or the other piece fixed in paraformaldehyde for hematoxylin and eosin staining. The MTT assay results are presented as scatter plots with the horizontal lines denoting the mean ± standard deviation of 5 independent tissues. The histology is representative of one of those tissues.</p

Rectal-specific microbicide (RM) products protect surgically resected colonic tissue from HIV-1 infection and are safe.

<p>Colonic tissue obtained through surgical resections was used to create polarized explant cultures. The explants were set-up in duplicated. (A) Efficacy: Tenofovir (TFV) aqueous-based RMs were diluted 1∶5 in medium with HIV-1_BaL and applied to the apical surface. The UC781 lipid-based RMs were used neat and mixed with HIV-1_BaL, and then applied to the apical surface. The corresponding placebo products were handled in a similar fashion. After an overnight culture, the tissues were thoroughly washed and followed through day 21 of culture. HIV-1 replication (p24 ELISA) was monitored in the basolateral supernatant collected every 3 to 4 days of culture. The data presented are the median ±95% confidence interval of 5 independent tissues for each treatment. (B) Tissue viability: After an overnight culture with the indicated RM product, medium alone (untreated control) or medium containing a 1∶5 dilution of a 3% nonoxynol-9 (N9)-containing gel, tissues were washed with one piece further cultured in medium containing 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan for the MTT assay or the other piece fixed in paraformaldehyde for hematoxylin and eosin staining. The MTT assay results are presented as scatter plots with the horizontal lines denoting the mean ± standard deviation of 5 independent tissues. The histology is representative of one of those tissues.</p

Physiochemical characterization of the rectal-specific microbicide formulations.

<p>*not required.</p>a<p>Data are presented as the average ± standard deviation of three independent tests.</p

Rectal-specific microbicide (RM) products protect colonic tissue obtained through flexible sigmoidoscopy from HIV-1 infection and are safe.

<p>Colonic tissue obtained through flexible sigmoidoscopy was used to create polarized explant cultures. The explants were set-up in duplicate. (A) Efficacy: Tenofovir (TFV) aqueous-based RMs were diluted 1∶5 in medium with HIV-1_BaL and applied to the apical surface. The UC781 lipid-based RMs were used neat and mixed with HIV-1_BaL, and then applied to the apical surface. The corresponding placebo products were handled in a similar fashion. After an overnight culture, the tissues were thoroughly washed and followed through day 21 of culture. HIV-1 replication (p24 ELISA) was monitored in the basolateral supernatant collected every 3 to 4 days of culture. The data presented are the median ±95% confidence interval of 3 to 5 independent donors for each treatment. (B) Tissue viability: After an overnight culture with the indicated RM product, medium alone (untreated control) or medium containing a 1∶5 dilution of a 3% nonoxynol-9 (N9)-containing gel, tissues were washed with one piece further cultured in medium containing 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan for the MTT assay or the other piece fixed in paraformaldehyde for hematoxylin and eosin staining. The MTT assay results are presented as scatter plots with the horizontal lines denoting the mean ± standard deviation of 4 independent donors. The histology is representative of one of those donors.</p

Impact of the over-the-counter lubricants on <i>Lactobacillus species</i> viability.

<p><i>Lactobacillus</i> species (<i>L. crispatus</i> (open bar); <i>L. jensenii</i> 25258 (diagonal line bar); <i>L. jensenii</i> 28Ab (diamond hatch bar)) were cultured in the presence of lubricants for 30 min then plated. The reduction of colony forming units was compared to control cultures. The data are presented as the Log₁₀ growth compared to the control cultures.</p

Impact of the over-the-counter lubricants on colorectal (CR) and ectocervical (CVX) tissue viability and architecture.

<p><i>Ex vivo</i> tissue was placed in transwell supports with the luminal surface exposed to the air. The edges were sealed to ensure the lubricant was exposed to the luminal epithelium in duplicate cultures. After an overnight exposure, tissue was washed with one piece further cultured in medium containing 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan for the MTT assay (A) or the other piece fixed in paraformaldehyde for hematoxylin and eosin staining of CR tissue (B) and CVX tissue (C). The MTT assay represents the mean ± standard deviation of a minimum of 5 independent tissues. The histology is representative of one of those tissues.</p

Effect of the over-the-counter silicone-based lubricants on epithelial cell line monolayer integrity.

<p>(A) Female Condom 2 lubricant (FC2) or (B) Wet Platinum were evaluated for their impact on Caco-2 and HEC-1-A epithelial cell line monolayers. Lubricant was directly applied to the apical surface of the monolayers for 60 min and then medium containing fluorescent microbeads was applied. Baselateral supernatant was collected over a 24 h period and the fluorescence was measured. The data presented are the %Transmission and represents the mean ± standard deviation of 5 independent experiments.</p