Cellular and extracellular siderophores of Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum

Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum produce specific cellular siderophores in addition to the well-known siderophores of the culture medium. Since this was found previously in Neurospora crassa, it is probably generally true for filamentous ascomycetes. The cellular siderophore of A. nidulans is ferricrocin; that of P. chrysogenum is ferrichrome. A. nidulans also contains triacetylfusigen, a siderophore without apparent biological activity. Conidia of both species lose siderophores at high salt concentrations and become siderophore dependent. This has also been found in N. crassa, where lowering of the water activity has been shown to be the causal factor. We used an assay procedure based on this dependency to reexamine the extracellular siderophores of these species. During rapid mycelial growth, both A. nidulans and P. chrysogenum produced two highly active, unidentified siderophores which were later replaced by a less active or inactive product--coprogen in the case of P. chrysogenum and triacetylfusigen in the case of A. nidulans. N. crassa secreted coprogen only. Fungal siderophore metabolism is varied and complex

An improved glycerol minimal medium

An improved glycerol minimal mediu

Ornithine synthesis by an ornithine-deficient triple mutant

Ornithine synthesis by an ornithine-deficient triple mutan

Tyrocidin inhibition: effect of Tween 80 and conidial density

Tyrocidin inhibition: effect of Tween 80 and conidial densit

Siderophore transport mutants (sit) in Neurospora crassa.

Siderophore transport mutants (sit) in Neurospora crassa

Isolation and identification of the conidial germination factor of Neurospora crassa

The germination-essential substance (germination factor [GF]) that is lost from conidia of Neurospora crassa on exposure to solutions of low water activity has been isolated and identified as a group of iron-transport compounds, or siderochromes. The principal siderochrome of conidia is ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide. A closely related substance, ferrichrome C, is tentatively identified as a minor constituent. The same substances are also present in extracts of mycelium along with small amounts of a third siderochrome, which has not been identified. The GF activity of culture filtrates is due to coprogen, the only siderochrome previously identified with N. crassa

Germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa that responds to siderophores.

A conditionally germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa has been found to be partially curable by ferricrocin and other siderophores. The mutant conidia rapidly lose their membrane-bound siderophores when suspended in buffer or growth media. Germination is consequently delayed unless large numbers of conidia are present (positive population effect). This indicates that the mutant has a membrane defect involving the siderophore attachment site

Germination and Growth of Neurospora at Low Water Activities

When the water activity (a(w)) of the medium is lowered by the addition of NaCl or nonelectrolytes, an inhibition of germination, growth rate, and total growth is observed in Neurospora crassa. Inhibition of conidial germination is separable from the other effects and is caused, in large measure, by the loss from conidia in media of low water activity of a substance that is essential for their germination. The substance is detectable in the medium and is also extractable from cultures. It is dialysable and thermostable, and it appears to be highly active. It is not detectable in complete medium

Membrane Permeability and the Loss of Germination Factor from Neurospora crassa at Low Water Activities

Neurospora crassa conidia incubating in buffer at low water activities (a(w)) release a germination-essential component as well as 260-nm absorbing and ninhydrin-positive materials, regardless of whether an electrolyte or non-electrolyte is used to reduce a(w). Chloroform and antibiotics known to increase cell-membrane permeability have a similar effect. This suggests that membrane damage occurs in media of low a(w) and that an increase in permeability is responsible for the release of cellular components. The damage caused in media of low a(w) is nonlethal in most cases, and the conidia recover when transferred to nutrient medium