Influence of the calcium concentration in the presence of organic phosphorus on the physicochemical compatibility and stability of all-in-one admixtures for neonatal use

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Preterm infants need high amounts of calcium and phosphorus for bone mineralization, which is difficult to obtain with parenteral feeding due to the low solubility of these salts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical compatibility of high concentrations of calcium associated with organic phosphate and its influence on the stability of AIO admixtures for neonatal use.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Three TPN admixture formulas were prepared in multilayered bags. The calcium content of the admixtures was adjusted to 0, 46.5 or 93 mg/100 ml in the presence of a fixed organic phosphate concentration as well as lipids, amino acids, inorganic salts, glucose, vitamins and oligoelements at pH 5.5. Each admixture was stored at 4°C, 25°C or 37°C and evaluated over a period of 7 days. The physicochemical stability parameters evaluated were visual aspect, pH, sterility, osmolality, peroxide formation, precipitation, and the size of lipid globules.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Color alterations occurred from the first day on, and reversible lipid film formation from the third day of study for the admixtures stored at 25°C and 37°C. According to the parameters evaluated, the admixtures were stable at 4°C; and none of them presented precipitated particles due to calcium/phosphate incompatibility or lipid globules larger than 5 μm, which is the main parameter currently used to evaluate lipid emulsion stability. The admixtures maintained low peroxide levels and osmolarity was appropriate for parenteral administration.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The total calcium and calcium/phosphorus ratios studied appeared not to influence the physicochemical compatibility and stability of AIO admixtures.</p

Paging and Addressing in the VM-DP System

denotes the number of bytes of RAM, and B denotes the number of bytes per disk block. Accordingly, the track size BD is also measured in bytes. We use bytes rather than records because Vcode, the stack-based, intermediate, dataparallel language that is interpreted by VM-DP supports two different record sizes: 4-byte integers and 8-byte floats. Normalizing all sizes to bytes makes our descriptions independent of record sizes. When does VM-DP use demand paging? All operations that access vectors use VM-DP&apos;s demand-paging system. Operations other than the permuting operations use it for all their vector accesses. These operations include all elementwise operations, scans, and reduces. In addition, Vcode includes six different operations that permute according to target addresses. These permuting operations go through the paging system at least part of the time; they disable it only during external radix sor

The lessons for the day. Being the third and fourth chapers [sic] of the Book of preferment. By the Author of the First and second [electronic resource].

In fact not by Horace Walpole, the author of 'The lessons for the day. Being the first and second chapters ..'.Hazen. Walpole,Electronic reproduction.English Short Title Catalog,Reproduction of original from National Library of Ireland

Legislative Institutionalization: Historical Origins and Analytical Framework

This article revises the theory of legislative institutionalization, which emerged in political science to analyze historical trends in the U.S. Congress. It singles out Polsby's ''The Institutionalization of the U.S. House'' as the starting point of this theory and maintains that this theory takes aim at understanding the historical development of legislatures, besides highlighting issues of governance, authority building, and differentiation from the environment. After reviewing the observations and criticisms raised by the theory, this article provides an analytical framework to study the institutionalization of national, democratic legislatures, based upon a traditional process–oriented concept of legislative institutionalization. This framework draws from theoretical contributions made by institutional sociologists and both presidential and legislative researchers, all of which are brought together to understand the process that presides over the institutionalization of a legislature. Finally, this article suggests the existence of a link among the dimensions of the institutionalization process, the institutional design of a legislature, and the exchanges between the legislature and the environment

Legislative Institutionalization: Historical Origins and Analytical Framework

This article revises the theory of legislative institutionalization, which emerged in political science to analyze historical trends in the U.S. Congress. It singles out Polsby's ''The Institutionalization of the U.S. House'' as the starting point of this theory and maintains that this theory takes aim at understanding the historical development of legislatures, besides highlighting issues of governance, authority building, and differentiation from the environment. After reviewing the observations and criticisms raised by the theory, this article provides an analytical framework to study the institutionalization of national, democratic legislatures, based upon a traditional process–oriented concept of legislative institutionalization. This framework draws from theoretical contributions made by institutional sociologists and both presidential and legislative researchers, all of which are brought together to understand the process that presides over the institutionalization of a legislature. Finally, this article suggests the existence of a link among the dimensions of the institutionalization process, the institutional design of a legislature, and the exchanges between the legislature and the environment