Simultaneous Peak and Average Power Minimization during Datapath Scheduling for DSP Processors

The use of multiple supply voltages for energy and average power reduction is well researched and several works have appeared in the literature. However, in low power design using deep submicron and nanometer technology, the peak power, peak power differential, average power and total energy are equally critical design constraints. In this work, we propose datapath scheduling algorithms for simultaneous minimization of peak and average power while maintaining performance by use of dynamic frequency clocking and multiple supply voltages. The algorithms use integer linear programming based models. The dynamic frequency clocking methodology is more useful for data intensive signal processing applications. The effectiveness of our scheduling technique is measured by estimating the peak power consumption, the average power consumption and the power delay product of the datapath circuit. Furthermore, the proposed scheduling scheme is compared with combined multiple supply voltages and multicycling scheme. Experimental results show that combined multiple supply voltages ( 0 ) and dynamic frequency clocking scheme achieves significant reductions in peak power ( on the average), average power ( on the average) and power delay product ( on the average). Categories and Subject Descriptors B.5.1 [Register-Transfer-Level Implementation]: Datapath Design; B.5.2 [Register-Transfer-Level Implementation]: Automatic Synthesis, Optimization; G.1.6 [Numerical Analysis]: Optimization, Integer Programming General Terms Algorithms, Performance, Design, Reliability Keywords Peak power, Average Power, High-level Synthesis, Datapath Scheduling, Multiple Voltages, Dynamic Frequency Clocking Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for ..

An ILP-Based Scheduling Scheme for Energy Efficient High Performance Datapath Synthesis

In this paper, we describe an integer linear programming (ILP) based datapath scheduling algorithm which uses both multiple supply voltages and dynamic frequency clocking for power optimization. The scheduling technique assumes the number and type of different functional units as resource constraints and minimizes the energy delay product (EDP). The energy savings directly comes from the use of multiple supply voltages and the performance improvement from dynamic frequency clocking. The algorithm has been applied to various high level synthesis benchmark circuits under different resource constraints. The experimental results show that under various resource constraints using two supply voltage levels , the average energy reduction is the average EDP reduction is

ILP Models for Simultaneous Energy and Transient Power Minimization during Behavioral Synthesis

this paper, we propose an ILP-based framework for the reduction of energy and transient power through datapath scheduling during behavioral synthesis. A new metric called "modified cycle power function" (CPF ) is defined that captures the above power characteristics and facilitates integer linear programming formulations. The ILP-based datapath scheduling schemes with CPF as objective function are developed assuming three modes of datapath operation, such as, single supply voltage and single frequency (SVSF), multiple supply voltages and dynamic frequency clocking (MVDFC), and multiple supply voltages and multicycling (MVMC). We conducted experiments on selected high-level synthesis benchmark circuits for various resource constraints and estimated power, energy and energy delay product for each of them. Experimental results show that significant reductions in power, energy and energy delay product can be obtained. Categories and Subject Descriptors: B.5.1 [Register-Transfer-Level Implementation]: Datapath Design; B.5.2 [Register-Transfer-Level Implementation]: Automatic Synthesis, Optimization; G.1.6 [Numerical Analysis]: Optimization, Integer Programming General Terms: Algorithms, Performance, Design, Reliability, Linear Modeling of Non-linearity, Scheduling Additional Key Words and Phrases: peak power, cycle difference power, peak power differential, average power, multiple supply voltages, dynamic frequency clocking, multicycling, datapath scheduling 1

Role of Dentists during Mass Disasters: A Review

Mass disasters cause damage, ecological disruption, and loss of human life on a massive scale. The reasons for these ranges from natural causes such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes to secondary human causes like wars. Such massive disruption of life demands help from people belonging to various sectors of healthcare, providing pre-identified, structured, and systematic aid to the victims of the disaster. This review article highlights the role of a dentist in such massive disasters. The dentist not only provides first aid to the victims but also aids in the identification of human remains

Neurological and Psychiatric Symptoms of COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Recently dubbed Long COVID or Long-Haul COVID, those recovering from the initial COVID-19 infection may maintain clinical signs for longer than two or more weeks following the initial onset of the infection. The virus can gain entry into the CNS through axonal transport mediated through the olfactory nerve or hematogenous spread and can also cross the blood–brain barrier to access the temporal lobe and the brainstem. The neurologic and neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with COVID-19 patients are becoming a highly studied area due to the increased frequency of reported cases. Multiple hospital case series and observational studies have found a headache to be a common symptom among patients who are symptomatic with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The headache described by many of these patients is similar to new daily persistent headache (NDPH). NDPH potentially develops in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines during a persistent systemic or CNS inflammation, mostly due to the initial infection. The treatments investigated were high-dose steroids, tetracycline derivatives, onabotulinum toxin type A, and long-term multidrug regimens. Among the identified symptoms of post-COVID-19 viral illness, fatigue appears to be the most ubiquitous. High-dose vitamin C is currently a suggested therapy proposed for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The mental health consequences of this diagnosis are being identified among large portions of COVID-19 survivors. Among these consequences, cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety are being reported and closely examined. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the neurological and psychiatric symptoms that have been associated with Long-Haul COVID and their possible treatments