9 research outputs found
Injectable Polypeptide Hydrogel as Biomimetic Scaffolds with Tunable Bioactivity and Controllable Cell Adhesion
Injectable
hydrogels have been widely investigated for applications
in biomedical fields, for instance, as biomimetic scaffolds mimicking
the extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition to as scaffolds for mechanical
support and transferring of nutrients, the dynamic bioactivity of
ECM is another critical factor that affects cell behavior. In this
work, a novel injectable polyÂ(l-glutamic acid)-based hydrogel
decorated with RGD was fabricated. The presentation of RGD significantly
enhanced the cell-matrix interaction and promoted cell adhesion and
proliferation. Moreover, the cell-adhesive RGD was conjugated to the
network via a disulfide bond, so that the density of RGD and the bioactivity
of hydrogel can be well controlled by tuning the RGD content through
treating with glutathione. As a result, the cell behaviors on the
hydrogel can be tuned on demand. The injectable hydrogel with controllable
bioactivity may provide an interesting strategy to develop a scaffold
mimicking ECM that can regulate cell adhesion dynamically
Injectable, Biomolecule-Responsive Polypeptide Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation and Facile Cell Recovery through Triggered Degradation
Injectable
hydrogels have been widely investigated in biomedical applications,
and increasing demand has been proposed to achieve dynamic regulation
of physiological properties of hydrogels. Herein, a new type of injectable
and biomolecule-responsive hydrogel based on polyÂ(l-glutamic
acid) (PLG) grafted with disulfide bond-modified phloretic acid (denoted
as PLG-<i>g</i>-CPA) was developed. The hydrogels formed
in situ via enzymatic cross-linking under physiological conditions
in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. The
physiochemical properties of the hydrogels, including gelation time
and the rheological property, were measured. Particularly, the triggered
degradation of the hydrogel in response to a reductive biomolecule,
glutathione (GSH), was investigated in detail. The mechanical strength
and inner porous structure of the hydrogel were influenced by the
addition of GSH. The polypeptide hydrogel was used as a three-dimensional
(3D) platform for cell encapsulation, which could release the cells
through triggered disruption of the hydrogel in response to the addition
of GSH. The cells released from the hydrogel were found to maintain
high viability. Moreover, after subcutaneous injection into rats,
the PLG-<i>g</i>-CPA hydrogels with disulfide-containing
cross-links exhibited a markedly faster degradation behavior in vivo
compared to that of the PLG hydrogels without disulfide cross-links,
implying an interesting accelerated degradation process of the disulfide-containing
polypeptide hydrogels in the physiological environment in vivo. Overall,
the injectable and biomolecule-responsive polypeptide hydrogels may
serve as a potential platform for 3D cell culture and easy cell collection
Injectable Polypeptide Hydrogels with Tunable Microenvironment for 3D Spreading and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Bone-marrow-derived
mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) possess vast
potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this
study, an injectable hydrogel comprising polyÂ(l-glutamic
acid)-<i>graft</i>-tyramine (PLG-<i>g</i>-TA)
with tunable microenvironment was developed via enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking
and used as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) to explore the
behaviors of BMSCs during three-dimensional (3D) culture. It was found
that the mechanical property, porous structure as well as degradation
process of the hydrogels could be tuned by changing the copolymer
concentration. The PLG-<i>g</i>-TA hydrogels showed good
cytocompatibility in vitro. After being subcutaneously injected into
the back of rats, the hydrogels degraded gradually within 8 weeks
and exhibited good biocompatibility in vivo. BMSCs were then encapsulated
in the polypeptide-based hydrogels with different copolymer concentration
to investigate the influence of 3D matrix microenvironment on stem
cell behaviors. It is intriguing to note that the BMSCs within the
2% hydrogel showed a well-spread morphology after 24 h and a higher
proliferation rate during 7 days of culture, in contrast to a rounded
morphology and lower proliferation rate of BMSCs in the 4% hydrogel.
Furthermore, the hydrogels with different microenvironment also regulated
the matrix biosynthesis and the gene expression of BMSCs. After incubation
in the 2% hydrogel for 4 weeks, the BMSCs produced more type II collagen
and expressed higher amounts of chondrogenic markers, compared to
the cells in the 4% hydrogel. Therefore, the PLG-<i>g</i>-TA hydrogels with tunable microenvironment may serve as an efficient
3D platform for guiding the lineage specification of BMSCs
Dual Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticle-Incorporated Hydrogels as an Oral Insulin Carrier for Intestine-Targeted Delivery and Enhanced Paracellular Permeation
For
enhanced oral insulin delivery, a strategy of acid-resistant and enteric
hydrogels encapsulating insulin-loaded nanoparticles was developed.
The nanoparticles were prepared by the formation of an anionic insulin/heparin
sodium (Ins/HS) aggregate, followed by coating of chitosan (CS) on
the surface. The nanoparticles, tagged as CS/Ins/HS NPs, exhibited
excellent mucosa affinity, effective protease inhibition, and marked
paracellular permeation enhancement. Moreover, to improve the acid-stability
of CS/Ins/HS NPs and impart the capacity of intestine-targeted delivery,
a pH- and amylase-responsive hydrogel was synthesized via free radical
copolymerization, using methacrylic acid as the monomer and acrylate-<i>grafted</i>-carboxymethyl starch as the cross-linker. The resulting
hydrogel exhibited sharp pH-sensitivity in the gastrointestinal tract
and rapid enteric behavior under intestinal amylase. The additional
protection for insulin in artificial gastric fluid was confirmed by
packaging CS/Ins/HS NPs into the hydrogel. The obtained nanoparticle-incorporated
hydrogel was named as NPs@Gel-2. The release of insulin from NPs@Gel-2
was evidently accelerated in artificial intestinal fluid containing
α-amylase. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic effects were evaluated
with type-1 diabetic rats. Compared to subcutaneous injection of insulin
solution, the relative pharmacological availability (rPA) for oral
intake of NPs@Gel-2 (30 IU/kg) was determined to be 8.6%, along with
rPA of 4.6% for oral administration of unpackaged CS/Ins/HS NPs (30
IU/kg). Finally, the two-week therapeutic outcomes in diabetic rats
were displayed after twice-daily treatments by oral intake of NPs@Gel-2,
showing the relief of diabetic symptoms and suppression of weight
loss in the rats. Therefore, this dual stimuli-responsive nanoparticle-incorporated
hydrogel system could be a promising platform for oral insulin delivery
Localized Co-delivery of Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, and Methotrexate by Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Enhanced Osteosarcoma Treatment
Localized
cancer treatments with combination drugs have recently emerged as
crucial approaches for effective inhibition of tumor growth and reoccurrence.
In this study, we present a new strategy for the osteosarcoma treatment
by localized co-delivery of multiple drugs, including doxorubicin
(DOX), cisplatin (CDDP) and methotraxate (MTX), using thermosensitive
PLGA–PEG–PLGA hydrogels. The release profiles of the
drugs from the hydrogels were investigated in vitro. It was found
that the multidrug coloaded hydrogels exhibited synergistic effects
on cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma Saos-2 and MG-63 cells in vitro.
After a single peritumoral injection of the drug-loaded hydrogels
into nude mice bearing human osteosarcoma Saos-2 xenografts, the hydrogels
coloaded with DOX, CDDP, and MTX displayed the highest tumor suppression
efficacy in vivo for up to 16 days, as well as led to enhanced tumor
apoptosis and increased regulation of the expressions of apoptosis-related
genes. Moreover, the monitoring on the mice body change and the ex
vivo histological analysis of the key organs indicated that the localized
treatments caused less systemic toxicity and no obvious damage to
the normal organs. Therefore, the approach of localized co-delivery
of DOX, CDDP, and MTX by the thermosensitive hydrogels may be a promising
approach for enhanced osteosarcoma treatment
Intracellular pH-Sensitive PEG-<i>block</i>-Acetalated-Dextrans as Efficient Drug Delivery Platforms
Intracellular
pH-sensitive micelles of PEG-<i>block</i>-acetalated-dextran
(PEG-<i>b</i>-AC-Dex) were prepared and used for acid-triggered
intracellular release of anticancer drug. The hydrodynamic radii (<i>R</i><sub>h</sub>) of PEG-<i>b</i>-AC-Dex micelles
could increase after incubation in PBS solution at pH 5.5. Based on
the pH-responsive <i>R</i><sub>h</sub> variation behavior,
it was expected that the PEG-<i>b</i>-AC-Dex micelles should
be interesting for intracellular drug delivery. Thus, doxorubicin
(DOX), a wide-spectrum anticancer drug, was loaded into the micelles
and the pH-dependent release of the payload DOX was tested <i>in vitro</i>. The <i>in vitro</i> drug release profiles
showed that only a small amount of the loaded DOX was released in
PBS solution at pH 7.4, while up to about 90% of the loaded DOX could
be quickly released in PBS solution at pH 5.5. Compared to pH-insensitive
PEG-PLA micelles, the PEG-<i>b</i>-AC-Dex micelles displayed
a faster drug release behavior in tumor cells. Moreover, higher cellular
proliferation inhibition efficacy was achieved toward tumor cells.
These features suggested that DOX could be efficiently loaded and
delivered into tumor cells <i>in vitro</i> by the intracelluar
pH-sensitive micelles, leading to enhanced inhibition of tumor cell
proliferation. Therefore, the pH-sensitive micelles may provide a
promising carrier for acid-triggered drug release for cancer therapy
Versatile Biofunctionalization of Polypeptide-Based Thermosensitive Hydrogels via Click Chemistry
In this study, we report thermosensitive hydrogels based
on polyÂ(ethylene
glycol)-<i>block</i>-polyÂ(γ-propargyl-l-glutamate)
(PEG-PPLG). <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectra, DLS, and circular dichroism
spectra were employed to study the mechanism of the sol–gel
phase transition. Mouse fibroblast L929 cells were encapsulated and
cultured within the hydrogel matrices, and the encapsulated cells
were shown to be highly viable in the gel matrices, suggesting that
the hydrogels have excellent cytocompatibilities. The mass loss of
the hydrogels in vitro was accelerated by the presence of proteinase
K compared to the control group. In vivo biocompatibility studies
revealed that the in situ formed gels in the subcutaneous layer last
for ∼21 days, and H&E staining study suggested acceptable
biocompatibility of our materials in vivo. The presence of alkynyl
side groups in the PEG-PPLG copolymers allowed convenient further
functionalization with azide-modified bioactive molecules, such as
biotin and galactose. The biofunctionalized PEG–polypeptide
block copolymers showed sol–gel phase transitions similar to
the parent copolymers. Interestingly, the incorporation of galactose
groups into the hydrogels was found to improve cell adhesion, likely
due to the adsorption of fibronectin (FN) in cell–extracellular
matrix (ECM). Because bioactive materials have shown unique advantages
in biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine applications, we believe our novel functionalizable thermosensitive
hydrogels have potential to serve as a versatile platform for the
development of new biofunctional materials, for example, bioadhesive
and bioresponsive hydrogels
pH-Responsive Poly(ethylene glycol)/Poly(l‑lactide) Supramolecular Micelles Based on Host–Guest Interaction
pH-responsive
supramolecular amphiphilic micelles based on benzimidazole-terminated
polyÂ(ethylene glycol) (PEG-BM) and β-cyclodextrin-modified polyÂ(l-lactide) (CD-PLLA) were developed by exploiting the host–guest
interaction between benzimidazole (BM) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
The dissociation of the supramolecular micelles was triggered in acidic
environments. An antineoplastic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was loaded
into the supramolecular micelles as a model drug. The release of DOX
from the supramolecular micelles was clearly accelerated as the pH
was reduced from 7.4 to 5.5. The DOX-loaded PEG-BM/CD-PLLA supramolecular
micelles displayed an enhanced intracellular drug-release rate in
HepG2 cells compared to the pH-insensitive DOX-loaded PEG-<i>b</i>-PLLA counterpart. After intravenous injection into nude
mice bearing HepG2 xenografts by the tail vein, the DOX-loaded supramolecular
micelles exhibited significantly higher tumor inhibition efficacy
and reduced systemic toxicity compared to free DOX. Furthermore, the
DOX-loaded supramolecular micelles showed a blood clearance rate markedly
lower than that of free DOX and comparable to that of the DOX-loaded
PEG-<i>b</i>-PLLA micelles after intravenous injection into
rats. Therefore, the pH-responsive PEG-BM/CD-PLLA supramolecular micelles
hold potential as a smart nanocarrier for anticancer drug delivery
Intracellular pH-Sensitive Metallo-Supramolecular Nanogels for Anticancer Drug Delivery
For
drug delivery systems, the most important factors are biocompatibility
and stability. To achieve excellent biocompatibility, learning from
naturally occurring systems may be the best choice. Herein, a series
of pH-sensitive metallo-supramolecular nanogels (MSNs) were prepared
by the metallo-supramolecular coordinated interaction between histidine
and iron-<i>meso</i>-tetraphenylporphin, which mimicks the
way that hemoglobin carries oxygen. With the excellent biocompatibility
and special supramolecular pH sensitivity, MSNs had been exploited
to load and release anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). In vitro drug
release profiles showed that only a small amount of the loaded DOX
was released in PBS solution at pH 7.4, while up to about 80% of the
loaded DOX could be quickly released at pH 5.3 due to the pH-dependent
disassembly of MSNs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and
flow cytometry were used to verify the cellular uptake and intracellular
drug release behaviors of DOX-loaded MSNs toward MCF-7. Efficient
cellular proliferation inhibition against MCF-7 and HeLa cells was
also observed by a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide (MTT) assay. These features suggested that MSNs could be of
great potential as intelligent drug delivery systems