Effect of forskolin on scotopic and photopic ERGs.

<p>The scotopic and photopic ERG luminance response curves (peak time, amplitude) for the a-and b-waves were obtained from age-matched normal guinea pigs and forskolin or DMSO injected guinea pigs (normal n = 12, vehicle n = 12, forskolin n = 15). At all stimulus intensities, there were no significant differences between forskolin- and vehicle-treated guinea pigs for either scotopic or photopic ERG parameters. Ordinate, (A–D) peak times in milliseconds (ms) or (E–H) amplitude (µV); Abscissa, flash intensity.</p

Effect of forskolin and SQ22536 on collagen secretion and mRNA expression in HSFs.

<p>(A) Treatment of cultured human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) for 24 h with forskolin significantly decreased the total soluble collagen recovered in the culture medium in a concentration-dependent manner (*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ANOVA, n = 6; ▴: p<0.01, ANOVA, n = 6). (B) Treatment with forskolin for 24 h significantly decreased the expression of mRNAs for collagens I, III, and V. Forskolin reduced the mRNA level in a concentration-dependent manner. (*: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ANOVA, n = 6). (C) The reductions in collagen I, III, and V mRNA expression levels by forskolin were significantly decreased by SQ22536 treatment. (**: p<0.01, independent sample t-test, n = 6; ▴: p<0.05, independent sample t-test, n = 6).</p

Intracellular cAMP concentration.

<p>Cultured human scleral fibroblasts (HSFs) were treated with 10 µM forskolin for 30 min. Forskolin increased the intracellular cAMP levels. (n = 3, **: p<0.01, independent sample t-test).</p

Sequences for primers and RT-PCR product length.

<p>Sequences for primers and RT-PCR product length.</p

Effect of form-deprived myopia (FDM) on refraction and cAMP levels in the sclera and retina.

<p>(A) After 2 weeks of monocular form deprivation, significant myopia was induced in the form-deprived eyes (FDM 2w). Refraction in FDM eyes was significantly increased after 2 days of recovery (FDM 2w+Rec 2d) from FDM (***: p<0.001, independent sample t-test). (B) Scleral cAMP levels in FDM eyes were significantly increased compared to normal eyes (*: p<0.05, independent sample t-test) and fellow eyes (p<0.01, paired-sample t-test). The cAMP level in the deprived eyes was decreased after 2 days of recovery from FDM (**: p<0.01, independent sample t-test). (C) There were no significant changes in retinal cAMP levels between FDM and normal or fellow eyes (Normal, n = 22; FDM 2w, n = 21; FDM 2w+Rec 2d, n = 18).</p

Effect of forskolin on collagen mRNA expression in guinea pig sclera.

<p>Injection of forskolin for 1 week significantly decreased the expression of mRNAs for collagens III and V in the experimental eyes. Collagen I mRNA levels also showed a tendency to decrease. (*: p<0.05, paired sample t-test, normal n = 10, forskolin-treated and fellow eyes n = 10).</p

Effect of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin on refraction, vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial length (AL).

<p>(A) Subconjunctival injection of 10 µM forskolin induced the development of myopia in normal guinea pigs compared to non-injected and vehicle-injected controls at 2 and 4 weeks (**: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001, independent sample t-test). (B) Forskolin also induced an increase in vitreous chamber depth (VCD, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01), and (C) axial length (AL, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001) in normal eyes. (D–F) The 1- and 2-week treatments of subconjunctival forskolin had no effects on FDM eyes. (Normal groups: non-injection n = 16, vehicle n = 12, 10 µM forskolin n = 16; FDM groups: FDM+non-injection n = 12, FDM+vehicle n = 9, FDM+10 µM forskolin n = 11).</p

Effect of the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 on refraction, vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial length (AL).

<p>(A–C) In normal eyes, subconjunctival injection of 100 µM SQ22536 had no significant effect on refraction, vitreous chamber depth (VCD) or axial length (AL). In FDM eyes, SQ22536 reduced (D) refraction (*: p<0.05, ***: p<0.001, independent sample t-test), (E) VCD (***: p<0.001, independent sample t-test), and (F) AL (**: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001, independent sample t-test) in a time-dependent manner. (Normal groups: non-injection n = 11, vehicle n = 14, 100 µM SQ22536 n = 17; FDM groups: FDM+non-injection n = 16, FDM+vehicle n = 17, FDM+100 µM SQ22536 n = 21).</p

The un-stimulated and TB antigen-stimulated expression of IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-2 and TNF-α in patients with active tuberculosis (ATB group), household contacts (HHC group) and healthy controls (HC group).

<p>The expression of IFN-γ (A and E), IP-10 (B and F), IL-2 (C and G) and TNF-α (D and H) were determined using ELISA and expressed in pg/ml. The horizontal line indicates the median amount of biomarker production.</p

Logistic regression analysis of the association of positive results of QFT, IP-10, IL-2 and TST with potential risk factors relevant to <i>Mtb</i> infection in HHC group.

<p>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>a<p>Median age: 41 years old, the median age calculated in HHC group.</p