Les inventives. Femmes, inventions et brevets en France à la fin du XIXe siècle

Femme et invention : les deux termes sont rarement associés bien que les brevets déposés par des femmes indiquent leur présence constante dans le paysage de l’invention technique. La littérature anglo-saxonne s’est déjà penchée sur cet épiphénomène, pas la France. Pourtant les registres de l’INPI (Institut national de la propriété industrielle) attestent leur vitalité dans le domaine de l’invention et ce depuis le début des dépôts (1791). L’article s’intéresse à la période fin XIXe-début XXe siècle. Empêchées d’accéder à un enseignement scientifique et technique de qualité, juridiquement inféodées aux hommes, des femmes ont quand même su s’inscrire dans une dynamique créative. Même si nous ne pouvons suivre le parcours de l’invention tout du long, de son origine jusqu’à sa production, l’étude des brevets apporte des éclairages intéressants sur le rôle des femmes dans l’histoire des techniques.Women and invention : these two words rarely come together, even if women’s patents prove their constant presence in the scene of technological invention. The Anglo-Saxon literature has studied this secondary phenomenon but not the French one. Nevertheless, records from INPI (the National Institute of Industrial Property) show their vitality in the field of invention since the beginning of patents (1791). This article focuses on the period at the end of the XIXth century and the beginning of the XX century. Whereas women could not access to scientific and technological studies, and although they were legally submitted to men, some women did succeed in a dynamic of creation. We cannot know the path of their inventions, from their beginnings to their exploitation, but the analysis of patents brings out interesting light on the part played by women in the history of technology

RéMuT : le réseau des musées et collections techniques

Fondé en 2009 pour pallier l’absence d’une réelle représentativité des musées techniques sur le plan national, le réseau RéMuT – qui contribue à faire connaître et à valoriser le patrimoine technique et industriel – permet à ses membres d’échanger sur leurs pratiques professionnelles, de partager leurs expériences, de mettre en évidence leurs contraintes, leurs besoins et leurs modes de gestion souvent spécifiques

Shear wave elastography of lumbar annulus fibrosus in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis before and after surgical intervention

Abstract Objectives To determine lumbar intervertebral disc properties with shear wave elastography in adolescent idiopathic scoliotic (AIS) patients before and after surgery, and compare them with asymptomatic controls. Methods Twenty-five severe AIS patients with an indication for fusion surgery (15 ± 1.5 years old, the Cobb angle ranging between 40 and 93°) and fifty-nine asymptomatic adolescents (13 ± 2 years old) were included prospectively. Shear wave speed (SWS) was measured in the annulus fibrosus of L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 discs of each subject. In AIS patients, measurements took place before surgery, and 3 months (N = 13) or 1 year after (N = 12). Results No difference was observed between disc levels in any group. When pooling disc levels, SWS was significantly higher in preop AIS patients (4.0 ± 0.5 m/s) than in asymptomatic subjects (3.1 ± 0.5 m/s, p < 0.0001). SWS decreased 3 months postop (3.5 ± 0.3 m/s), and it decreased further towards normal values 1 year after (3.3 ± 0.4 m/s). SWS in preop AIS patients tended to decrease with the Cobb angle (Spearman’s rho = − 0.4, p = 0.05). Conclusion Shear wave elastography measurements showed that discs in AIS patients were altered relative to asymptomatic ones, and this alteration tended to normalize 1 year post fusion surgery. Further studies should aim at determining if bracing of mild scoliosis has an effect on disc properties. Key Points • Shear wave elastography shows alteration of annulus fibrosus in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. • Disc elastography tends to normalize 1 year after surgery

Bordetella evades the host immune system by inducing IL-10 through a type III effector, BopN

The inflammatory response is one of several host alert mechanisms that recruit neutrophils from the circulation to the area of infection. We demonstrate that Bordetella, a bacterial pathogen, exploits an antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to evade the host immune system. We identified a Bordetella effector, BopN, that is translocated into the host cell via the type III secretion system, where it induces enhanced production of IL-10. Interestingly, the BopN effector translocates itself into the nucleus and is involved in the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Using pharmacological blockade, we demonstrated that BopN-induced IL-10 production is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to block the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. We also showed that BopN blocks nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κBp65) but, in contrast, promotes nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50. A BopN-deficient strain was unable to induce IL-10 production in mice, resulting in the elimination of bacteria via neutrophil infiltration into the pulmonary alveoli. Furthermore, IL-10–deficient mice effectively eliminated wild-type as well as BopN mutant bacteria. Thus, Bordetella exploits BopN as a stealth strategy to shut off the host inflammatory reaction. These results explain the ability of Bordetella species to avoid induction of the inflammatory response

Characterization of primary human hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, and HepaRG cells at the mRNA level and CYP activity in response to inducers and their predictivity for the detection of human hepatotoxins

In the pharmaceutical industry, improving the early detection of drug-induced hepatotoxicity is essential as it is one of the most important reasons for attrition of candidate drugs during the later stages of drug development. The first objective of this study was to better characterize different cellular models (i.e., HepG2, HepaRG cells, and fresh primary human hepatocytes) at the gene expression level and analyze their metabolic cytochrome P450 capabilities. The cellular models were exposed to three different CYP450 inducers; beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), phenobarbital (PB), and rifampicin (RIF). HepG2 cells responded very weakly to the different inducers at the gene expression level, and this translated generally into low CYP450 activities in the induced cells compared with the control cells. On the contrary, HepaRG cells and the three human donors were inducible after exposure to BNF, PB, and RIF according to gene expression responses and CYP450 activities. Consequently, HepaRG cells could be used in screening as a substitute and/or in complement to primary hepatocytes for CYP induction studies. The second objective was to investigate the predictivity of the different cellular models to detect hepatotoxins (16 hepatotoxic and 5 nonhepatotoxic compounds). Specificity was 100% with the different cellular models tested. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes gave the highest sensitivity, ranging from 31% to 44% (depending on the donor), followed by lower sensitivity (13%) for HepaRG and HepG2 cells (6.3%). Overall, none of the models under study gave desirable sensitivities (80–100%). Consequently, a high metabolic capacity and CYP inducibility in cell lines does not necessarily correlate with a high sensitivity for the detection of hepatotoxic drugs. Further investigations are necessary to compare different cellular models and determine those that are best suited for the detection of hepatotoxic compounds

Financement des missions de prévention des services externes de prévention et de protection au travail

voir résumé du rapport de recherche sur : http://www.emploi.belgique.be/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=31670Financement des missions de prévention des services externes de prévention et de protection au travai