Comparison of vertebra and pelvis metastases between pulmonary and prostate cancers.

<p>The result shows that with an increase of bone metastases, the proportion of both of the vertebra and pelvis metastases of prostate cancer presents a gradually decreased tendency (χ² = 57.2, p = 0.000), but that of pulmonary cancer does not present a significant difference (χ² = 0.8, p = 0.657).</p

Comparison of pelvis metastases between pulmonary and prostate cancers.

<p>When the total number of bone metastases increased, the distribution in the pelvis in pulmonary cancer presents a smaller difference (χ² = 6.4, p = 0.042), but that of prostate cancer does not present a significant difference (χ² = 2.5, p = 0.282).</p

Distribution Features of Skeletal Metastases: A Comparative Study between Pulmonary and Prostate Cancers

<div><p>Bone scintigraphies are widely applied for detecting bone metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate distribution features of bone metastases in pulmonary and prostate cancers. Bone scintigraphies were performed in 460 patients with pulmonary cancer and 144 patients with prostate cancer. Patients were divided into three groups according to the total number of bone metastases: few bone metastases, moderate bone metastases, and extensive bone metastases. We compared the distribution of bone metastases in the two cancers, and analyzed the relationship between the distribution of metastatic lesions and their metastatic patterns. A total of 2279 and 2000 lesions of bone metastases were detected in 258 patients with pulmonary cancer and 102 patients with prostate cancer, respectively. In patients with few bone metastases, the distributions of metastatic lesions in the vertebrae (χ² = 16.0, P = 0.000) and thoracic bones (χ² = 20.7, P = 0.002) were significantly different between pulmonary and prostate cancers. In cases with moderate bone metastases, the distributions in the vertebrae (χ² = 6.6, P = 0.010), pelvis (χ² = 15.1 P = 0.000), and thoracic bones (χ² = 38.8, P = 0.000) were also significantly different between the two cancers. However, in patients with extensive bone metastases, the distributions were very similar. As the total number of bone metastases increased, their distribution in pulmonary cancer did not noticeably change, but the distribution in the vertebrae and thoracic bones of prostate cancer patients significantly changed. Accordingly, the distribution characteristics of bone metastases differed in pulmonary and prostate cancers, mainly in the early stages of metastasis.</p></div

Comparison of vertebral metastases between pulmonary and prostate cancers.

<p>The result shows that with an increase of bone metastases, the distribution of vertebral metastases of prostate cancer presents a quickly decreased tendency (χ² = 54.2, p = 0.000), but that of pulmonary cancer does not present a significant difference (χ² = 1.7, p = 0.433).</p

Rubella Epidemics and Genotypic Distribution of the Rubella Virus in Shandong Province, China, in 1999–2010

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The rubella vaccine was introduced into the immunization program in 1995 in the Shandong province, China. A series of different rubella vaccination strategies were implemented at different stages of measles control in Shandong province.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>The average reported incidence rate of rubella cases remained at a low level in Shandong province after 1999. However, rubella epidemics occurred repeatedly in 2001/2002, 2006, and 2008/2009. The age of the onset of rubella cases gradually increased during 1999–2010, which showed that most cases were found among the 10 years old in 1999 and among the 17 years old in 2010. Phylogenetic analysis was performed and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the World Health Organization standard sequence window for rubella virus isolates. All rubella viruses isolated in Shandong province were divided into 4 genotypes: 1E, 1F, 2A, and 2B. Genotype 1E viruses accounted for the majority (79%) of all these viruses. The similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among genotype 1E viruses was 98.2–100% and 99.1–100%, respectively. All Shandong genotype 1E strains, differed from international genotype 1E strains, belonged to cluster 1 and interdigitated with the viruses from other provinces in mainland China. The effective number of infections indicated by a Bayesian skyline plot remained constant from 2001 to 2009.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>The gradual shift of disease burden to an older age group occurred after a rubella-containing vaccine was introduced into the childhood immunization schedule in 1995 in Shandong province. Four genotypes, including 1E, 1F, 2A, and 2B, were found in Shandong province during 2000–2009. Genotype 1E, rather than genotype 1F, became the predominant genotype circulating in Shandong province from 2001. All Shandong genotype 1E viruses belong to the genotype 1E/cluster 1; they have constantly circulated, and co-evolved and co-circulated, with those from other provinces.</p> </div

Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of Shandong rubella viruses based on the WHO standard sequence window.

<p>(a) Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of 24 representative rubella viruses from 2000–2009 compared with the WHO reference sequences. Numbers in parentheses are numbers of identical sequences found in the same outbreak. Shandong rubella viruses are indicated by a solid circle. (b) Phylogenetic analysis of representative Shandong rubella virus strains of genotype 1E compared with rubella viruses from the other provinces of China. Seventy-seven genotype 1E rubella virus strains from other provinces isolated during 2001–2009 were obtained from Genbank. Shandong rubella viruses are indicated by red solid circles, the genotype 1E rubella virus strains from other countries are indicated by blue solid triangle. The Chinese vaccine strain BRD II with a green solid square was used as an out-group.</p

Age distribution of rubella cases in Shandong province, China, 1999–2010.

<p>The number above each column represents the number of reported rubella cases and average rubella incidence (per 100,000) in Shandong province, China.</p

Bayesian skyline plot obtained by analyzing the 64 Beijing genotype 1E RV sequences.

<p>Ordinate: the number of effective infections at time; abscissa: time (in years). The thick solid line represents the median, and the blue area represents the 95% HPD of the number of effective infections at the time estimates.</p

Space-time significant clusters of infant measles identified in Shandong, 1999–2008.

<p>The most likely cluster in black is located in Zaozhuang City. Grey parts display the secondary clusters and counties in white on the map have no clusters.</p

Methods of measles cluster detection in endemic areas of Shandong Province, 1999–2008.

<p>A) Relative risk (RR) of infant measles. B) Population attributable risk percent (PAR%) of infant measles.</p