Oblikovanje jestivih filmova iz proteina soje unakrsnim vezivanjem transglutaminazom iz bakterije Streptomyces

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) was used in the investigation of the formation of edible protein films through an enzymatic cross-linking method with a purified microbial transglutaminase (MTG) produced from a new effective strain Streptomyces sp. WZFF.L-M1 preserved in our laboratory, followed by the addition of glycerol and suitable heating and drying treatments. Cheaper partially-purified skimmed soybean protein powder (SSP) and whey protein isolates (WPI) were used as the substitutes partially replacing the expensive SPI products, and purified β-lactoglobulin was taken as the positive control of WPI. As a result, the three alternatives could also form highly efficient edible films under the optimal operation conditions. The films made with SPI alternatives, about 50 µm thin, had homogenous network structures, without any holes by direct observation with the naked eye. The tests of the properties of these films showed that they had high water-keeping capacity and strong elasticity, that the ultimate tensile strength (TS) and the elongation at break (Eb) had been remarkably increased (TS>5 MPa, Eb>50 %), and that the prevention rates against the permeability of water vapour and oxygen in the air were also upgraded more than 85 and 70 %, respectively.Izolat proteina soje upotrijebljen je pri oblikovanju jestivih filmova metodom unakrsnog vezivanja transglutaminaze iz novoga soja bakterije Streptomyces sp. WZFF.L-M1, uzgojenog u našem laboratoriju. Nakon dodavanja glicerola, film je zagrijan te osušen. Dio skupih izolata proteina soje zamijenjen je jeftinijim, djelomično pročišćenim obranim prahom proteina soje i izolatima proteina surutke, a pročišćenim β-laktoglobulinom dokazana je prisutnost izolata proteina surutke. Rezultati su pokazali da se u optimalnim uvjetima, upotrebom triju zamjenskih izolata, mogu proizvesti vrlo učinkoviti jestivi filmovi. Struktura filmova debljine oko 50 µm, dobivenih uporabom zamjenskih izolata, bila je homogena, bez okom vidljivih rupica. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su veliku moć zadržavanja vode i elastičnost tih filmova. Znatno je povećana granična čvrstoća (>5 MPa) i istezljivost (>50 %) te smanjena njihova propusnost na vodenu paru za 85 % i kisika za 70 %

Oblikovanje jestivih filmova iz proteina soje unakrsnim vezivanjem transglutaminazom iz bakterije Streptomyces

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) was used in the investigation of the formation of edible protein films through an enzymatic cross-linking method with a purified microbial transglutaminase (MTG) produced from a new effective strain Streptomyces sp. WZFF.L-M1 preserved in our laboratory, followed by the addition of glycerol and suitable heating and drying treatments. Cheaper partially-purified skimmed soybean protein powder (SSP) and whey protein isolates (WPI) were used as the substitutes partially replacing the expensive SPI products, and purified β-lactoglobulin was taken as the positive control of WPI. As a result, the three alternatives could also form highly efficient edible films under the optimal operation conditions. The films made with SPI alternatives, about 50 µm thin, had homogenous network structures, without any holes by direct observation with the naked eye. The tests of the properties of these films showed that they had high water-keeping capacity and strong elasticity, that the ultimate tensile strength (TS) and the elongation at break (Eb) had been remarkably increased (TS>5 MPa, Eb>50 %), and that the prevention rates against the permeability of water vapour and oxygen in the air were also upgraded more than 85 and 70 %, respectively.Izolat proteina soje upotrijebljen je pri oblikovanju jestivih filmova metodom unakrsnog vezivanja transglutaminaze iz novoga soja bakterije Streptomyces sp. WZFF.L-M1, uzgojenog u našem laboratoriju. Nakon dodavanja glicerola, film je zagrijan te osušen. Dio skupih izolata proteina soje zamijenjen je jeftinijim, djelomično pročišćenim obranim prahom proteina soje i izolatima proteina surutke, a pročišćenim β-laktoglobulinom dokazana je prisutnost izolata proteina surutke. Rezultati su pokazali da se u optimalnim uvjetima, upotrebom triju zamjenskih izolata, mogu proizvesti vrlo učinkoviti jestivi filmovi. Struktura filmova debljine oko 50 µm, dobivenih uporabom zamjenskih izolata, bila je homogena, bez okom vidljivih rupica. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su veliku moć zadržavanja vode i elastičnost tih filmova. Znatno je povećana granična čvrstoća (>5 MPa) i istezljivost (>50 %) te smanjena njihova propusnost na vodenu paru za 85 % i kisika za 70 %

Geochemical evidence for in situ accumulation of tight gas in the Xujiahe Formation coal measures in the central Sichuan Basin, China

The study of accumulation mechanisms of tight gas has attracted much attention in recent years. One of the focuses is whether natural gas can migrate on a large scale in tight reservoirs. In this work, geochemical parameters (such as C1/C1+, C1/(C2+ C3), C1+, δ13C1, δ13C2, iC4/nC4, iC5/nC5) of the tight gas reservoirs in the central Sichuan Basin, China have been studied to characterize the accumulation mechanisms in these fields. Results show that the tight gas accumulation in the Xujiahe Formation in the central Sichuan is in situ, and natural gas has not experienced large-scale migration. In gases from the central Sichuan Basin, δ13C1 ranges from −44.1‰ to −37.1‰ with an average of −40.1‰, and C1/C1+ ranges from 0.80 to 0.97 with an average of 0.91. While in the gases from the western Sichuan Basin, δ13C1 is between −35.5‰ and − 30‰ with an average of −32.2‰, and C1/C1+ ranges from 0.95to 0.99with an average of 0.98. Based on geochemical indicators of natural gas, the gases of Xujiahe Formation in the Central Sichuan Basin originated from the local coal measures of the Xujiahe Formation in horizontal direction with little contribution from the western Sichuan. In central Sichuan Basin, there is also no horizontal migration of natural gas in the same formation between adjacent gas fields. Vertically, the Xujiahe Formation is an independent gas generating system and has no relationship with the underlying Mid-Lower Triassic formations and the Jurassic natural gas formation above it. The δ13C2of Xujiahe Formation in central Sichuan ranges from −28.3‰ to −25.9‰, with an average of −27.5‰. However, the δ13C2 of Lower Jurassic above Xujiahe Formation ranges from −36.8‰ to −30.5‰, with an average of −33.0‰. Under the Xujiahe Formation, the δ13C2 in Leikoupo Formation ranges from −35.5‰ to −32.1‰, with an average of −33.1‰, and in Jialingjiang Formation ranges from −34.6‰ to −33.2‰, with an average of −33.8‰. There is also a clear distinction in the geochemical characteristics of natural gas between the upper and lower gas reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation, indicating that there is no obvious vertical migration of natural gas. Geochemical evidence shows that there is no large-scale gas migration in the Xujiahe Formation. The tight gas is generated in situ and accumulated in the formation in the central Sichuan Basin

Multifunctional Beam Manipulation at Telecommunication Wavelengths Enabled by an All-Dielectric Metasurface Doublet

Multifunctional metasurfaces, which are planar devices featuring diverse functionalities, have attracted tremendous attention as they enable highly dense integration and miniaturization of photonic devices. Previous approaches based on spatial/spectral multiplexing of meta‐atoms on single metasurfaces are supposed to be inevitably limited in their functional diversity. An additional degree of freedom for design, achieved by cascading multiple metasurfaces into a single metasystem, promotes new combinations of functions that cannot be achieved with single‐layered metasurfaces. In this study, an all‐dielectric metasurface doublet (MD) is developed and implemented by vertically concatenating two arrays of rectangular nanoresonators on either side of a quartz substrate, in which distinct phase profiles are encoded for transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarized light. Multifunctional beam manipulation with concurrent increased beam deflection, beam reduction, and polarizing beam splitting is achieved at telecommunication wavelengths near 1550 nm. The MD is accurately created via lithographical nanofabrication, thus eliminating the extremely demanding post‐fabrication alignment. The proposed multifunctional metasurface is highly anticipated to expedite the development of advanced technologies for large‐scale photonic integration, optical metrology, light detection and ranging, spectroscopy, and optical processing.This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (grant no. 2018R1A6A1A03025242) and the Korean government (MSIT) (no. 2020R1A2C3007007) and a research grant of Kwangwoon University in 2020. The work was partly supported by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT110100853, D.-Y.C.) and performed in part at the ACT node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility

Inclusive K0SK0S resonance production in electron-proton collisions at HERA

At the HERA particle accelerator, 27.5 GeV electrons collide with 920 GeV protons. Photoproduction events, in which the quasi real photon emitted from the electron interacts with the proton with small momentum transfer, are dominant by 90% of the data sample. K0S-K0S candidate pairs, which might couple to glueballs, are selected and studied with the ZEUS detector in the photon-proton center-of-mass range 130 GeV < W_gamma_p < 270 GeV using the entire data luminosity of 0.5 fb^-1. Enhancements attributed to the production of f2(1270)/a02(1320), f'2(1525) and f0(1710) are observed in the K0S-K0S invariant mass spectrum. A coherent fit, which has taken into account the interference effects by SU(3) symmetry argument, provides precise measurement values on mass and width of the states. It gives a five standard deviation enhancement on state f0(1710) in terms of statistical significance. This is by far the best measurement in e-p collision experiments, and is consistent with results from other experiments and the world averages. Furthermore, spin analysis on the glueball candidate f0(1710) are performed as an approach to reveal the glueball content of the meson state. However, due to the complicated background condition, the angular distribution method and the partial wave analysis are undetermined and fail to give a positive result on the spin.À l'accélérateur de particules HERA, des électrons de 27.5 GeV entrent en collision avec des protons de 920 GeV. Les événements de photoproduction, où le photon émis par l'électron est quasi-réel et interagit avec le proton avec un petit échange de quantité de mouvement, dominent l'échantillon de données. Les paires K0S-K0S, susceptibles de se coupler aux boules de gluons ("glueballs"), sont choisies et étudiées avec le détecteur ZEUS dans un domaine d'énergie du centre de masse photon-proton entre 130 GeV et 270 GeV en utilisant la luminosité complète de 0.5 fb^-1 des données. Des structures observées dans le spectre de masse invariante K0S-K0S sont attribuées aux états f2(1270)/a02(1320), f'2(1525) et f0(1710). Une procédure d'ajustement de fonctions cohérentes, qui tient compte des effets d'interférence de par un argument de symmétrie SU(3), procure des valeurs mesurées précises de masse et de largeur de signal pour ces états. En terme de signification statistique, une déviation par cinq sigmas est obtenue pour l'état f0(1710), ce qui est de loin le meilleur résultat dans des expériences aux collisions e-p et est consistant avec les résultats d'autres expériences et les moyennes mondiales. De plus, une analyse de spin est effectuée sur le candidat "glueball" f0(1710) dans une tentative de déduire le contenu "glueball" de cet état mésonique. Toutesfois, À cause des conditions sévères du bruit de fond, les méthodes de distributions angulaires et d'analyse d'ondes partielles ne peuvent parvenir à donner un résultat positif sur la valeur du spin

Dijets and photon remnant studies in photoproduction with the ZEUS detector at HERA

At the HERA particle accelerator, 27.5 GeV electrons collide with 920 GeV protons. In the photoproduction mode, the quasi-real exchange photon emitted by the electron interacts with the proton at small momentum transfer. Such events are selected and investigated with the ZEUS detector in the photon proton center-of-mass range 130 GeV < Wgamma p < 270 GeV using the 55.1 pb-1 gated luminosity of the year 2000 data. The two typical photoproduction processes are studied separately: in the direct case photons can interact directly with the proton, while in the resolved case the photon is resolved into its hadronic components. An inclusive data sample of two parton jet events with each a minimum transverse energy of 6 GeV and a third jet with a minimum transverse energy of 2 GeV are reconstructed and selected using the inclusive kT clustering algorithm. The third jet travelling in the electron propagation direction can be assumed to be the photon remnant jet. Jet transverse energy density distributions, which are also known as 'jet shapes' are calculated on the jet sample. The photon remnant jets are found to be broader than the parton jets

Effects of Huge Earthquakes on Earth Rotation and the length of Day

We calculated the co-seismic Earth rotation changes for several typical great earthquakes since 1960 based on Dahlen¡¦s analytical expression of Earth inertia moment change, the excitation functions of polar motion and, variation in the length of a day (ΔLOD). Then, we derived a mathematical relation between polar motion and earthquake parameters, to prove that the amplitude of polar motion is independent of longitude. Because the analytical expression of Dahlen¡¦s theory is useful to theoretically estimate rotation changes by earthquakes having different seismic parameters, we show results for polar motion and ΔLOD for various types of earthquakes in a comprehensive manner. The modeled results show that the seismic effect on the Earth¡¦s rotation decreases gradually with increased latitude if other parameters are unchanged. The Earth¡¦s rotational change is symmetrical for a 45° dip angle and the maximum changes appear at the equator and poles. Earthquakes at a medium dip angle and low latitudes produce large rotation changes. As an example, we calculate the polar motion and ΔLOD caused by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake using two different fault models. Results show that a fine slip fault model is useful to compute co-seismic Earth rotation change. The obtained results indicate Dahlen¡¦s method gives good approximations for computation of co-seismic rotation changes, but there are some differences if one considers detailed fault slip distributions. Finally we analyze and discuss the co-seismic Earth rotation change signal using GRACE data, showing that such a signal is hard to be detected at present, but it might be detected under some conditions. Numerical results of this study will serve as a good indicator to check if satellite observations such as GRACE can detect a seismic rotation change when a great earthquake occur