15 research outputs found
Whole-Cell Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cinnamyl Acetate with a Novel Esterase from the DNA Library of Acinetobacter hemolyticus
Cinnamyl acetate has a wide application
in the flavor and fragrance
industry because of its sweet, balsamic, and floral odor. Up to now,
lipases have been mainly used in enzyme-mediated synthesis of cinnamyl
acetate, whereas esterases are used in only a few cases. Moreover,
the use of purified enzymes is often a disadvantage, which leads to
increases of the production costs. In this paper, a genomic DNA library
of Acinetobacter hemolyticus was constructed,
and a novel esterase (EstK1) was identified. After expression in Escherichia coli, the whole-cell catalyst of EstK1
displayed high transesterification activity to produce cinnamyl acetate
in nonaqueous systems. Furthermore, under optimal conditions (vinyl
acetate as acyl donor, isooctane as solvent, molar ratio 1:4, temperature
40 °C), the conversion ratio of cinnamyl alcohol could be up
to 94.1% at 1 h, and it reached an even higher level (97.1%) at 2
h
Effective Enzyme Immobilization onto a Magnetic Chitin Nanofiber Composite
In
this study, a novel biocompatible magnetic chitin nanofiber
composite (MCNC) was developed as a support for enzyme immobilization,
and the enzyme-immobilizing ability was elucidated using chymotrypsin
(CT) as a model enzyme. Chitin nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared via
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation of
chitin and then further modified with magnetic nanoparticles. Glutaraldehyde
was used to cross-link the additional CT molecules and aggregate them
onto the MCNCs. The CNFs were characterized by transmission electron
microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results
showed that the CNFs were properly formed and that the CT molecules
immobilized on the MCNCs presented excellent properties. After heating
the composites at 60 °C for 3 h, the non-cross-linked and cross-linked
immobilized CTs retained 51.6% and 70.7% of the initial activity,
respectively, whereas the free CTs retained only 29.6% of the initial
activity. In addition, non-cross-linked and cross-linked immobilized
CTs retained 85.7% and 84.9% of the initial activity, respectively,
after 20 days, whereas the free CTs retained only 18.8% of the initial
activity. When the MCNCs were used to immobilize the CT molecules,
the enzyme loading capacity was enhanced up to 6.3-fold upon cross-linking.
Moreover, the immobilized CTs could be easily separated and recycled
from the reaction system by a magnetic force
Gastric Protective Activities of Sea Cucumber Fucoidans with Different Molecular Weight and Chain Conformations: A Structure–Activity Relationship Investigation
A variety of bioactivities
has been established for fucoidan extracted
from sea cucumber, whereas its structure–activity relationships
have been seldom investigated. In this study, sea cucumber (<i>Thelenota ananas</i>) fucoidans with different molecular weights
were prepared with enzymatic degradation. The chain stiffness and
molecular size decreased with the decreasing of molecular weight.
Fucoidans with molecular weight of 1380.0, 828.7, and 483.0 kDa exhibited
random coil conformations, while fucoidan molecular weight of 215.0
kDa existed as sphere in solution. All examined fucoidans could effectively
prevent the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, of which mechanism involved
antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Within the range of the study,
the performance of fucoidans adopted random coil conformations declined
with the decreasing of molecular weight, and the performance recovered
when the chain conformation transited from coil to sphere, indicating
the subtle influences of molecular weight and chain conformation on
the gastric protective activity of sea cucumber fucoidan
Effective Astaxanthin Extraction from Wet <i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i> Using Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents
A novel
approach based on switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS)
was developed for extracting astaxanthin from wet microalgae. Dimethylaminocyclohexane
(DMCHA) was used to extract astaxanthin from wet Haematococcus
pluvialis, and the extraction efficiency reached 87.2%.
Astaxanthin was recovered from the DMCHA without distillation by simply
adding H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>
Coimmobilization of β‑Agarase and α‑Neoagarobiose Hydrolase for Enhancing the Production of 3,6-Anhydro‑l‑galactose
Here we report a simple and efficient
method to produce 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose (l-AHG)
and agarotriose (AO3) in one step
by a multienzyme system with the coimmobilized β-agarase AgWH50B
and α-neoagarobiose hydrolase K134D. K134D was obtained by AgaWH117
mutagenesis and showed improved thermal stability when immobilized
via covalent bonds on functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The obtained
multienzyme biocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). Compared with free agarases, the coimmobilized
agarases exhibited a relatively higher agarose-to-l-AHG conversion
efficiency. The yield of l-AHG obtained with the coimmobilized
agarases was 40.6%, which was 6.5% higher than that obtained with
free agarases. After eight cycles, the multienzyme biocatalyst still
preserved 46.4% of the initial activity. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first report where two different agarases were coimmobilized.
These results demonstrated the feasibility of the new method to fabricate
a new multienzyme system onto magnetic nanoparticles via covalent
bonds to produce l-AHG
Glycosaminoglycanomics of Cultured Cells Using a Rapid and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Approach
Glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs), a family of polysaccharides widely distributed in eukaryotic
cells, are responsible for a wide array of biological functions. Quantitative
disaccharide compositional analysis is one of the primary ways to
characterize the GAG structure. This structural analysis is typically
time-consuming (1–2 weeks) and labor intensive, requiring GAG
recovery and multistep purification, prior to the enzymatic/chemical
digestion of GAGs, and finally their analysis. Moreover, 10<sup>5</sup>–10<sup>7</sup> cells are usually required for compositional
analysis. We report a sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analysis
of GAGs present in a small number of cells. Commonly studied cell
lines were selected based on phenotypic properties related to the
biological functions of GAGs. These cells were lysed using a commercial
surfactant reagent, sonicated, and digested with polysaccharide lyases.
The resulting disaccharides were recovered by centrifugal filtration,
labeled with 2-aminoacridone, and analyzed by liquid chromatography
(LC)-mass spectrometry (MS). Using a highly sensitive MS method, multiple
reaction monitoring (MRM), the limit of detection for each disaccharide
was reduced to 0.5–1.0 pg, as compared with 1.0–5.0
ng obtained using standard LC-MS analysis. Sample preparation time
was reduced to 1–2 days, and the cell number required was reduced
to 5000 cells for complete GAG characterization to as few
as 500 cells for the characterization of the major GAG disaccharide
components. Our survey of the glycosaminoglycanomes of the 20 selected
cell lines reveals major differences in their GAG amounts and compositions.
Structure–function relationships are explored using these data,
suggesting the utility of this method in cellular glycobiology
Long-term fatty liver-induced insulin resistance in orotic acid-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver rats
<p>We investigated whether fatty liver preceded insulin resistance or vice versa using a long-term orotic acid (OA)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model without the confounding effects of obesity and hyperlipidemia and explored the role of the liver in insulin resistance. Male Wistar rats were fed with or without OA supplementation for 30, 60, and 90Â days. The NAFLD group showed increased liver lipid at 30, 60, and 90Â days; glucose intolerance was noted at 60 and 90Â days. Furthermore, partial liver proteins and gene expressions related to upstream signaling of insulin were decreased. However, the liver glycogen content was elevated, and gluconeogenesis genes expressions were obviously decreased at 90Â days. The occurrence of fatty liver preceded insulin resistance in OA-induced NAFLD without the interference of obesity and hyperlipidemia, and hepatic insulin resistance may not play a conclusive role in insulin resistance in this model.</p> <p>Whether fatty liver preceded insulin resistance (IR) or vice versa in a long-term orotic acid-induced NAFLD model without the confounding effects of obesity and hyperlipidemia.</p
Sialoglycoprotein Isolated from Eggs of Carassius auratus Ameliorates Osteoporosis: An Effect Associated with Regulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Rodents
In the current study, ovariectomized (OVX) rats and the senescence-accelerated
mouse strain P6 (SAMP6) were employed to establish models of postmenopausal
osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis, respectively. The effects of
treatment with sialoglycoprotein isolated from the eggs of Carassius auratus (<i>Ca</i>-SGP) on these
two types of osteoporosis were investigated in vivo. Results showed
that <i>Ca</i>-SGP significantly increased bone mineral
density, ameliorated trabecular bone microstructure, and improved
bone biomechanical properties in both OVX rats and SAMP6. The osteogenesis
related Wnt/β-catenin pathway was targeted to study the underlying
mechanism of <i>Ca</i>-SGP activity. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, <i>Ca</i>-SGP suppressed the activation of Wnt/β-catenin
signal via down-regulating the expression of key genes including LRP5,
β-catenin, and Runx2, suggesting that overactive osteogenesis
was controlled by <i>Ca</i>-SGP. The bone formation was
sharply weakened in senile osteoporosis, whereas <i>Ca</i>-SGP treatment promoted osteoblast activity by stimulating the Wnt/β-catenin
signal. In conclusion, <i>Ca</i>-SGP ameliorated these two
types of osteoporosis by normalizing bone anabolism
Identification of a Novel Esterase from Marine Environmental Genomic DNA Libraries and Its Application in Production of Free All-<i>trans</i>-Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a pigment with various
functions. Free astaxanthin is obtained mainly through saponification
methods, which could result in many byproducts. Enzymatic methods
using lipases have been used in a few cases, while there are no reports
on the use of esterases for the production of free astaxanthin. Herein
we present the screening and identification of a novel esterase (Est3-14)
from a marine mud metagenomic library. Est3-14 is pH-sensitive and
keeps good stability in alkaline buffers (residual activity 94%, pH
8.0, 4 °C, and 36 h). Meanwhile, Est3-14 keeps a good stability
in the medium temperature condition (residual activity 56.7%, pH 8.0,
40 °C, and 84 h). Est3-14 displayed high hydrolysis activity
to prepare free all-<i>trans</i>-astaxanthin in biphasic
systems. Furthermore, under optimal conditions (0.5 mL ethanol, 6
mL 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, 0.5% (w/v) <i>H. pluvialis</i> oil, 40 °C), the hydrolytic conversion ratio was 99.3% after
36 h
Bottom-Up Low Molecular Weight Heparin Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry for Extensive Characterization
Low
molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are heterogeneous, polydisperse,
and highly negatively charged mixtures of glycosaminoglycan chains
prescribed as anticoagulants. The detailed characterization of LMWH
is important for the drug quality assurance and for new drug research
and development. In this study, online hydrophilic interaction chromatography
(HILIC) Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) was applied to
analyze the oligosaccharide fragments of LMWHs generated by heparin
lyase II digestion. More than 40 oligosaccharide fragments of LMWH
were quantified and used to compare LMWHs prepared by three different
manufacturers. The quantified fragment structures included unsaturated
disaccharides/oligosaccharides arising from the prominent repeating
units of these LMWHs, 3-<i>O</i>-sulfo containing tetrasaccharides
arising from their antithrombin III binding sites, 1,6-anhydro ring-containing
oligosaccharides formed during their manufacture, saturated uronic
acid oligosaccharides coming from some chain nonreducing ends, and
oxidized linkage region oligosaccharides coming from some chain reducing
ends. This bottom-up approach provides rich detailed structural analysis
and quantitative information with high accuracy and reproducibility.
When combined with the top-down approach, HILIC LC-FTMS based analysis
should be suitable for the advanced quality control and quality assurance
in LMWH production