Functional outcomes of patients with acute stroke in the presence of ROAF or intracranial stenosis.

<p>Patients with acute stroke were divided into 4 subgroups: severe intracranial stenosis (>50%) and forward OA, severe intracranial stenosis (>50%) and reversed OA, mild intracranial stenosis (≤50%) and forward OA, and mild intracranial stenosis (≤50%) and reversed OA.ROAF and less intracranial stenosis are good predictors for acute stroke outcomes. mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; no., number; OA, ophthalmic artery; <i>*</i>p = p value for trend. Statistically significant differences were evaluated using Fisher's exact test for categorical variables between the tested groups and Mantel–Haenszel extension tests for trend analyses. ^ap<0.05 vs. forward OA and intracranial stenosis >50%; ^bp<0.01 vs. forward OA and intracranial stenosis >50%; ^cp<0.05 vs. reversed OA and intracranial stenosis >50%; ^dp<0.01 vs. reversed OA and intracranial stenosis >50%.</p

Age-adjusted analysis of clinical characteristics in acute strokes with unilateral high-grade cervical internal carotid stenosis or occlusion.

<p>AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; F, female; M, male; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; no, number; OA, ophthalmic artery; OR, odds ratio. Statistically significant differences for categorical variables between tested groups were evaluated using age-adjusted logistic analysis.</p

Multivariate analysis of risk factors for acute stroke in patients with unilateral high-grade cervical internal carotid stenosis or occlusion.

<p>CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; no., number; OR, odds ratio; ROAF, reversed ophthalmic artery flow.</p><p>Model 1: Statistically significant difference determined using multivariate logistic regression with forward selection model controlled for age, gender, vascular risk factors, and cervical stenosis but not including the variable of intracranial stenosis.</p><p>Model 2: Statistically significant difference determined using multivariate logistic regression with forward selection model controlled for age, gender, vascular risk factors, cervical stenosis, and ophthalmic artery flow direction.</p

Study patient selection.

<p>FOAF, forward ophthalmic artery flow; MR, magnetic resonance; ROAF, reversed ophthalmic artery flow; EC-IC bypass, extracranial–intracranial bypass.</p

The <i>PRRT2</i> mutations identified in patients with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions in this study.

<p>The <i>PRRT2</i> heterozygous mutations, (A) c.272delC (p.P91Qfs*24), (B) c.595G>T (p.E199X), (C) c.604_607delTCAC (p.S202Hfs*16), (D) c.649_650insC (p.R217Pfs*8), (E) c.649del (p.R217Efs*12), (F) c.718C>T (p.R240X), and (G) c.922C>G (p.R308C) are shown by sequencing both the mutant and normal strands of the TA-subcloned PCR fragments.</p

Genetic and clinical features of the patients with PKD/IC harboring <i>PRRT2</i> mutations.

<p>Abbreviation: M  =  male; F  =  female; y  =  years; AS  =  apparently sporadic; SM  =  sudden movements; IM  =  intention to move; S  =  startle; s  =  stress; D  =  dystonia; C  =  choreoathetosis; CBZ  =  carbamazepine; m  =  month; w  =  week; PHT  =  phenytoin; OXC  =  oxcarbazepine; IC  =  infantile convulsions.</p>a<p>These patients have novel mutations.</p

Haplotype analyses of the patients carrying <i>PRRT2</i> p.R217Pfs*8 mutation.

<p>Five unrelated PKD/IC pedigrees carry the <i>PRRT2</i> p.R217Pfs*8. Patients 4 (A), 5 (B), 6 (C), 7 (D), and 8 (E) are indicated with arrows. Asterisks (*) depict the individuals who were haplotyped. The squares and circles denote males and females, and the close and open symbols represent affected and unaffected members, respectively. The grey symbols denote undetermined disease status. The <i>PRRT2</i> genotype is labeled below the symbols. The alleles with an unknown phase are labeled and separated with a slash. The haplotypes linked to the <i>PRRT2</i> p.R217Pfs*8 in the seven unrelated index patients are showed in (F). Five patients shared a common haplotype at loci rs9922666, rs7205278, rs4788186, rs7204252, and rs889695 linked to the <i>PRRT2</i> p.R217Pfs*8 (G-T-p.R217Pfs*8-A-T-T).</p