From Malabar to Macau The Portuguese in China during the sixteenth century : a synthesis of early Luso Chinese sources

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Choroidal thickness and biometric markers for the screening of lacquer cracks in patients with high myopia.

OBJECTIVES: Validation of choroidal thickness and other biometrics measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in predicting lacquer cracks formation in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: Patients with a refractive error worse than -8 diopters and moderate myopic maculopathy were recruited into two groups based on the presence or absence of lacquer cracks (36 eyes without and 33 eyes with lacquer cracks). Choroidal thickness, refractive error, and axial length were measured and subjected to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to identify the optimal cutoff values at predicting lacquer crack formation. The width of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), RPE to the inner segment/outer segment line, RPE to the external limiting membrane were also measured and compared to the subfoveal choroidal thickness to assess their relationships as potential markers of lacquer crack formation. RESULTS: Lacquer crack is associated with decreased choroidal thickness, lower best-corrected visual acuity, longer axial length and higher refractive errors. Choroidal thickness has the strongest association with lacquer crack formation versus axial length and refractive error. In eyes with lacquer cracks, stellate lacquer cracks are associated with thinner choroidal thickness compared to eyes with linear lacquer cracks. Subfoveal choroidal thickness less than the width of the retinal pigment epithelium to the inner segment/outer segment line is also associated with lacquer crack formation (sensitivity 78.8%, specificity 88.3%, and accuracy 81.2%). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that choroidal thickness and other SD-OCT measurements could be employed clinically to predict the development and severity of lacquer cracks in patients with high myopia

Comparison of Biometrics between Eyes with Linear or Stellate Lacquer Cracks.

*<p><i>P</i> value<0.05. LCs = lacquer cracks.</p><p>Data are shown as mean ± SD. Values in parentheses are percentages.</p

Cutoff Values and Areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve for 4 Biometrics at Predicting Lacquer Crack Formation.

<p>MCT = macular choroidal thickness; SFCT = subfoveal choroidal thickness; CI = confidence interval, AUC = area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.</p

Receiver operating characteristic curves of 4 biometrics at predicting the formation of lacquer cracks.

<p>The areas under the curve from the highest to lowest were macular choroidal thickness (0.926), subfoveal choroidal thickness (0.897), axial length (0.858), and refractive error (0.694).</p

Examples of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in highly myopic eyes.

<p>ICGA (left) and SD-OCT (right) in highly myopic eyes without lacquer crack (top), with linear lacquer cracks (middle), or with stellate lacquer cracks (bottom). (Top). No lacquer cracks shown on ICGA and SD-OCT reveals a choroidal layer of normal thickness. (Middle). Linear lacquer cracks seen on ICGA and SD-OCT shows a mildly reduced subfoveal choroidal thickness. (Bottom). Stellate lacquer cracks seen on ICGA and SD-OCT reveals a markedly reduced subfoveal choroidal thickness compared to top right and middle right.</p

Summary of Biometrics for Eyes with and without Lacquer Cracks.

*<p><i>P</i> value<0.05.</p><p>Data are shown as mean ± SD.</p

Comparison of the Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy of the Biometrical Relationships at Predicting Lacquer Crack Formation.

<p>SFCT = subfoveal choroidal thickness; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium; RIOS = RPE to inner segment/outer segment; REL = RPE to external limiting membrane.</p