Local and Nonlocal Contents in N-qubit generalized GHZ states

We investigate local contents in $N$-qubit generalized Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger (GHZ) states. We suggest a decomposition for correlations in the GHZ states into a nonlocal and fully local part, and find a lower and upper bound on the local content. Our lower bound reproduces the previous result for N=2 [Scarani, Phys. Rev. A. 77, 042112 (2008)] and decreases rapidly with $N$.Comment: 4 pages; 1 figure; figure regenerated; upper bound added; a few more clarification

Oxidase-Coupled Amperometric Glucose and Lactate Sensors with Integrated Electrochemical Actuation System

Unpredictable baseline drift and sensitivity degradation during continuous use are two of the most significant problems of biosensors including the amperometric glucose and lactate sensors. Therefore, the capability of on-demand in situ calibration/diagnosis of biochemical sensors is indispensable for reliable long-term monitoring with minimum attendance. Another limitation of oxidase enzyme-based biosensors is the dependence of enzyme activity on the background oxygen concentration in sample solution. In order to address these issues, the electrolytic generation of oxygen and hydrogen bubbles were utilized 1) to overcome the background oxygen dependence of glucose and lactate sensors and 2) to demonstrate the feasibility of in situ self-calibration of the proposed glucose and lactate sensors. Experimental data assure that the proposed techniques effectively establish the zero calibration value and significantly improve the measurement sensitivity and dynamic range in both glucose and lactate sensors

Glucose Oxidase (GOD)-Coupled Amperometric Microsensor with Integrated Electrochemical Actuation System

Recent developments for biosensors have been mainly focused on miniaturization and exploratory use of new materials. It should be emphasized that the absence of a novel in-situ self-calibration/diagnosis technique that is not connected to an external apparatus is a key obstacle to the realization of a biosensor for continuous use with minimum attendance. In order to address this issue, a novel solid-state glucose oxidase-coupled amperometric biosensor with integrated electrochemical actuation system has been designed and validated. There are two key components of the proposed glucose biosensor: solid-state GOD-coupled thin-lm amperometric sensing element and O2 depleting/saturating built-in electrochemical actuator. The actuator can be used to accomplish in-situ 1-point self-calibration by depleting O2 (i.e., by simulating glucose-free environment). Also, it can be used at the same time to extend the proposed sensor\u27s linear detection range by in ating O2 (i.e., by enhancing glucose sensitivity). A prototype sensor was fabricated and a series of lab experiments was conducted. Collected data assures that the proposed sensor effectively establishes the zero calibration point and signi cantly enhances its measurement sensitivity and con dence

Flow Characteristics Around Step-Up Street Canyons with Various Building Aspect Ratios

We investigate the flow characteristics around step-up street canyons with various building aspect ratios (ratio of along-canyon building length to street-canyon width, and upwind building height to downwind building height) using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Simulated results are validated against experimental wind-tunnel results, with the CFD simulations conducted under the same building configurations as those in the wind-tunnel experiments. The CFD model reproduces the measured in-canyon vortex, rooftop recirculation zone above the downwind building, and stagnation point position reasonably well. We analyze the flow characteristics, focusing on the structural change of the in-canyon flows and the interaction between the in- and around-canyon flows with the increase of building-length ratio. The in-canyon flows undergo development and mature stages as the building-length ratio increases. In the development stage (i.e., small building-length ratios), the position of the primary vortex wanders, and the incoming flow closely follows both the upstream and downstream building sidewalls. As a result, increasing momentum transfer from the upper layer contributes to a momentum increase in the in-canyon region, and the vorticity in the in-canyon region also increases. In the mature stage (i.e., large building-length ratios), the primary vortex stabilizes in position, and the incoming flow no longer follows the building sidewalls. This causes momentum loss through the street-canyon lateral boundaries. As the building-length ratio increases, momentum transfer from the upper layer slightly decreases, and the reverse flow, updraft, and streamwise flow in the in-canyon region also slightly decrease, resulting in vorticity reduction

A Novel Thin Film Transistor Using Double Amorphous Silicon Active Layer

We have fabricated a novel low off-state leakage current thin-film transistor (TFT) using a chlorine incorporated amorphous silicon [a-Si:H(:Cl)] and amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) stacked active layer, in which conduction channel is formed in a-Si:H and a-Si:H(:Cl) is photo-insensitive material. The off-state photo-leakage current of the a-Si:H(:Cl)/a-Si:H TFT is much lower than that a conventional a-Si:H TFT

Automated Oxidase-Coupled Amperometric Microsensor with Integrated Electrochemical Actuation System for Continuous Sensing of Saccharoids

Recent developments for biosensors have been mainly focused on miniaturization and exploratory use of new materials. It should be emphasized that the absence of a novel in-situ self-calibration/diagnosis technique that is not connected to an external apparatus is a key obstacle to the realization of a biosensor for continuous use with minimum attendance. To address this deficiency, a novel needle-type biosensor system with fully automated operations is being developed, in which a novel oxidase-coupled amperometric sensor with oxygen depleting/generating actuator is interfaced with an electrochemical instrument and a perfusion system. Labview virtual instrument has been also developed to oversee the automatic control of the prototype sensor. Using the proposed system, a large amount of data can be rapidly collected for more effective sensor characterization and more advanced sensor designs. Autonomous and continuous sensing and self-calibration with minimal human intervention is also envisioned