Measuring the Effects of Massage on Exercise Performance and Cardiopulmonary Response in Children With and Without Heart Disease: A Pilot Study

Background: Congenital heart disease, a common and serious birth defect, affects 8 per 1000 live born infants. Decreased exercise capacity and development of obesity is common in this population. These children may benefit from therapies, such as massage therapy, that could enhance cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function when they exercise. Purpose: A pilot study conducted at the pediatric cardiology clinic of the Mattel Children’s Hospital of the University of California–Los Angeles examined the safety and feasibility of measuring the effects of pre-exercise massage on exercise performance and cardiopulmonary response in children with and without heart disease. Participants and Methods: Sixteen children (mean age: 9.2 ± 2.2 years) participated in the study. Ten participants had various forms of heart disease, and six children were healthy. A female certified massage therapist with specialized training in pediatric massage provided a 30-minute massage to the participants. Using a standard protocol, each participant underwent two exercise tests: one test with and one without pre-exercise massage. Heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured in the participants. Results: All recruited participants completed the study. No adverse events occurred during any of the exercise tests or massage sessions. Measurements during exercise with or without a preceding massage were compared, and the pre-exercise massage condition yielded a significantly higher heart rate and higher minute ventilation. Measurements during exercise in children with heart disease and in healthy participants showed no significant differences in peak heart rate, blood pressure, peak VO2, peak work rate, minute ventilation, or respiratory quotient. Conclusions: In this study, peak heart rate, peak VO2, and peak minute ventilation were higher when children received a massage before exercise testing. Larger studies will be needed to investigate the strength of this finding. Future studies should include measurements of anxiety and psychological factors in addition to cardiopulmonary measures

Impact of Palivizumab on RSV Hospitalizations for Children with Hemodynamically Significant Congenital Heart Disease

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of palivizumab prophylaxis on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalizations among children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD). In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised the bronchiolitis policy statement and recommended the use of palivizumab in children <24 months old with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD). California statewide hospital discharge data from years 2000–2002 (pre-AAP policy revision) were compared to those from years 2004–2006 (post-AAP policy revision). Hospitalizations due to RSV bronchiolitis for children <2 years of age were identified by IDC-9 CM codes 4661.1, 480.1, and 079.6 as the Principal Diagnosis. Children with CHD and children with HS-CHD were identified by the codiagnoses. The overall RSV hospitalization rate was 71 per 10,000 children <2 years of age. Of all RSV hospitalizations, 3.0% were among children with CHD, and 0.50% among children with HS-CHD. HS-CHD patients accounted for 0.56% of RSV hospitalizations in 2000–2002, compared to 0.46% RSV hospitalizations in 2004–2006. That represents a 19% reduction in RSV hospitalizations among HS-CHD patients after 2003. The 19% decrease in RSV hospitalizations equates to seven fewer hospitalizations (76 hospital days) per year among HS-CHD patients. We conclude that, since the recommendation of palivizumab for children with HS-CHD in 2003, the impact on RSV hospitalizations in California among HS-CHD patients has been limited. Considering the high cost of palivizumab administration, the cost-benefit of RSV prophylaxis with palivizumab warrants further investigation

Outcome of patients with double-inlet left ventricle or tricuspid atresia with transposed great arteries

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to determine the long-term outcomes and risk factors for mortality in patients with double-inlet left ventricle (DILV) or tricuspid atresia with transposed great arteries (TA-TGA).BackgroundPatients with DILV or TA-TGA are at risk of systemic outflow obstruction and a poor outcome. The impact of various management strategies on the long-term outcomes of these patients remains unknown.MethodsWe reviewed the outcomes of 164 consecutive pediatric patients with DILV or TA-TGA who underwent surgical palliation between 1983 and 2002. Patients with a Holmes heart or heterotaxy syndrome or who were lost to follow-up (n = 24) were excluded. Risk factors for mortality or the need for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) were assessed by multivariate analysis.ResultsThere were 105 patients with DILV and 35 patients with TA-TGA. The overall mortality rate, including OHT, was 29%. Patients with DILV had a lower mortality rate than patients with TA-TGA (23% vs. 49%, p = 0.007). Multivariate analysis showed the presence of arrhythmia and pacemaker requirement as independent risk factors for mortality, whereas pulmonary atresia or stenosis and pulmonary artery banding were associated with decreased mortality. Gender, era of birth, aortic arch anomaly, and systemic outflow obstruction were not risk factors. The perioperative and overall mortality were similar between patients who underwent the Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure beyond the neonatal period and those had subaortic resection.ConclusionsThe mortality of patients with DILV or TA-TGA remains high. The outcomes of these patients are influenced by restriction of pulmonary blood flow, arrhythmia, and pacemaker requirement. Surgical palliation to relieve systemic outflow obstruction is not associated with a poor outcome

Comparison of Formulas for Calculation of the Corrected QT Interval in&nbsp;Infants and Young Children

ObjectiveTo compare 4 heart rate correction formulas for calculation of the rate corrected QT (QTc) interval among infants and young children.Study designR-R and QT intervals were measured from digital electrocardiograms. QTc were calculated with the Bazett, Fridericia, Hodges, and Framingham formulas. QTc vs R-R graphs were plotted, and slopes of the regression lines compared. Slopes of QTc-R-R regression lines close to zero indicate consistent QT corrections over the range of heart rates.ResultsWe reviewed electrocardiograms from 702 children, with 233 (33%) &lt;1 year of age and 567 (81%) &lt;2 years. The average heart rate was 122 ± 20 bpm (median 121 bpm). The slopes of the QTc-R-R regression lines for the 4 correction formulas were -0.019 (Bazett); 0.1028 (Fridericia); -0.1241 (Hodges); and 0.2748 (Framingham). With the Bazett formula, a QTc &gt;460 ms was 2 SDs above the mean, compared with "prolonged" QTc values of 414, 443, and 353 ms for the Fridericia, Hodges, and Framingham formulas, respectively.ConclusionsThe Bazett formula calculated the most consistent QTc; 460 ms is the best threshold for prolonged QTc. The study supports continued use of the Bazett formula for infants and children and differs from the use of the Fridericia correction during clinical trials of new medications

Comparison of upright and semi-recumbent postures for exercise echocardiography in healthy children.

This study was conducted in 20 healthy children to compare a semi-recumbent posture using back support with an upright posture for exercise echocardiography. It was found that a semi-recumbent position with back support is superior to an upright position, with no difference in physiologic measurements

Comparison of upright and semi-recumbent postures for exercise echocardiography in healthy children.

This study was conducted in 20 healthy children to compare a semi-recumbent posture using back support with an upright posture for exercise echocardiography. It was found that a semi-recumbent position with back support is superior to an upright position, with no difference in physiologic measurements