1,718 research outputs found
Optimal Control of a Soft CyberOctopus Arm
In this paper, we use the optimal control methodology to control a flexible,
elastic Cosserat rod. An inspiration comes from stereotypical movement patterns
in octopus arms, which are observed in a variety of manipulation tasks, such as
reaching or fetching. To help uncover the mechanisms underlying these observed
morphologies, we outline an optimal control-based framework. A single octopus
arm is modeled as a Hamiltonian control system, where the continuum mechanics
of the arm is modeled after the Cosserat rod theory, and internal, distributed
muscle forces and couples are considered as controls. First order necessary
optimality conditions are derived for an optimal control problem formulated for
this infinite dimensional system. Solutions to this problem are obtained
numerically by an iterative forward-backward algorithm. The state and adjoint
equations are solved in a dynamic simulation environment, setting the stage for
studying a broader class of optimal control problems. Trajectories that
minimize control effort are demonstrated and qualitatively compared with
observed behaviors
Coexisting Innominate Vein Compression Syndrome and May-Thurner Syndrome
AbstractInnominate vein compression syndrome and May-Thurner syndrome (also called iliac vein compression syndrome) are venous compression syndromes caused by normal anatomic structures. Here, we present a case in which these two conditions were found in the same patient using multidetector row computed tomography. This case is significant for two reasons: (1) it is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case study in the literature to report coexisting innominate vein compression syndrome and May-Thurner syndrome; and (2) it shows that multidetector row computed tomography has powerful diagnostic ability for venous diseases
Controlling a CyberOctopus Soft Arm with Muscle-like Actuation
This paper presents an application of the energy shaping methodology to
control a flexible, elastic Cosserat rod model of a single octopus arm. The
novel contributions of this work are two-fold: (i) a control-oriented modeling
of the anatomically realistic internal muscular architecture of an octopus arm;
and (ii) the integration of these muscle models into the energy shaping control
methodology. The control-oriented modeling takes inspiration in equal parts
from theories of nonlinear elasticity and energy shaping control. By
introducing a stored energy function for muscles, the difficulties associated
with explicitly solving the matching conditions of the energy shaping
methodology are avoided. The overall control design problem is posed as a
bilevel optimization problem. Its solution is obtained through iterative
algorithms. The methodology is numerically implemented and demonstrated in a
full-scale dynamic simulation environment Elastica. Two bio-inspired numerical
experiments involving the control of octopus arms are reported
The association between tyrosine kinase inhibitors and fatal arrhythmia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in Taiwan
ObjectiveAs a standard therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) improved survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. However, treatment-related cardiotoxicity, particularly arrhythmia, cannot be ignored. With the prevalence of EGFR mutations in Asian populations, the risk of arrhythmia among patients with NSCLC remains unclear.MethodsUsing data from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database and National Cancer Registry, we identified patients with NSCLC from 2001 to 2014. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we analyzed outcomes of death and arrhythmia, including ventricular arrhythmia (VA), sudden cardiac death (SCD), and atrial fibrillation (AF). The follow-up duration was three years.ResultsIn total, 3876 patients with NSCLC treated with TKIs were matched to 3876 patients treated with platinum analogues. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and anticancer and cardiovascular therapies, patients receiving TKIs had a significantly lower risk of death (adjusted HR: 0.767; CI: 0.729–0.807, p < 0.001) than those receiving platinum analogues. Given that approximately 80% of the studied population reached the endpoint of mortality, we also adjusted for mortality as a competing risk. Notably, we observed significantly increased risks of both VA (adjusted sHR: 2.328; CI: 1.592–3.404, p < 0.001) and SCD (adjusted sHR: 1.316; CI: 1.041–1.663, p = 0.022) among TKI users compared with platinum analogue users. Conversely, the risk of AF was similar between the two groups. In the subgroup analysis, the increasing risk of VA/SCD persisted regardless of sex and most cardiovascular comorbidities.ConclusionsCollectively, we highlighted a higher risk of VA/SCD in TKI users than in patients receiving platinum analogues. Further research is needed to validate these findings
Development of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers in Setaria italica (Poaceae) and Cross-Amplification in Related Species
Foxtail millet is one of the world’s oldest cultivated crops. It has been adopted as a model organism for providing a deeper understanding of plant biology. In this study, 45 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers of Setaria italica were developed. These markers showing polymorphism were screened in 223 samples from 12 foxtail millet populations around Taiwan. The most common dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeat motifs are AC/TG (84.21%) and CAT (46.15%). The average number of alleles (Na), the average heterozygosities observed (Ho) and expected (He) are 3.73, 0.714, 0.587, respectively. In addition, 24 SSR markers had shown transferability to six related Poaceae species. These new markers provide tools for examining genetic relatedness among foxtail millet populations and other related species. It is suitable for germplasm management and protection in Poaceae
Nanoscale III-V Semiconductor Photodetectors for High-Speed Optical Communications
Nanophotonics involves the study of the behavior of light on nanometer scale. Modern nanoscale semiconductor photodetectors are important building blocks for high-speed optical communications. In this chapter, we review the state-of-the-art 2.5G, 10G, and 25G avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that are available in commercial applications. We discuss the key device parameters, including avalanche breakdown voltage, dark current, temperature dependence, bandwidth, and sensitivity. We also present reliability analysis on wear-out degradation and optical/electrical overload stress. We discuss the reliability challenges of nanoscale photodetectors associated with device miniaturization for the future. The reliability aspects in terms of high electric field, Joule heating, and geometry inhomogeneity are highlighted
Energy Shaping Control of a CyberOctopus Soft Arm
This paper entails application of the energy shaping methodology to control a
flexible, elastic Cosserat rod model. Recent interest in such continuum models
stems from applications in soft robotics, and from the growing recognition of
the role of mechanics and embodiment in biological control strategies:
octopuses are often regarded as iconic examples of this interplay. Here, the
dynamics of the Cosserat rod, modeling a single octopus arm, are treated as a
Hamiltonian system and the internal muscle actuators are modeled as distributed
forces and couples. The proposed energy shaping control design procedure
involves two steps: (1) a potential energy is designed such that its minimizer
is the desired equilibrium configuration; (2) an energy shaping control law is
implemented to reach the desired equilibrium. By interpreting the controlled
Hamiltonian as a Lyapunov function, asymptotic stability of the equilibrium
configuration is deduced. The energy shaping control law is shown to require
only the deformations of the equilibrium configuration. A forward-backward
algorithm is proposed to compute these deformations in an online iterative
manner. The overall control design methodology is implemented and demonstrated
in a dynamic simulation environment. Results of several bio-inspired numerical
experiments involving the control of octopus arms are reported
Effectiveness of Gentamicin and quinolone on prevention of infection complications after prostate biopsy – a retrospective study of 246 patients
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