The development of collaborative learning practices in an online language course

PhD ThesisThe success or failure of a course is, to a great extent, dependent on the level of motivation and commitment of the learners. Such motivation and commitment are, however, difficult to establish and maintain, especially in an on-line course. Social relations within a class, and the willingness of learners to collaborate with each other, have an important role to play, but the constraints of time and distance are obstacles to fostering such social relations among students enrolled in on-line courses. It is not easy to encourage students to be collaborative when they are accessing the course at different times, from different locations. This thesis, however, seeks to demonstrate that the variety and complexity of the technologies used to deliver an on-line learning experience can help to overcome these challenges. When introduced and used in appropriate ways, the software, internet tools, even the data collection program used for statistical analysis can actually encourage and enhance participants' motivation to interact and learn in collaborative ways. This thesis is concerned with an on-line course created and delivered by the researcher, the aim of which was to foster a collaborative learning environment in which participants felt confident enough to share their work with others, and to offer and receive comments on their assignments. The primary aim was therefore not the direct teaching and learning of language, but the fostering of an environment in which the students felt comfortable working with the technology and with each other, as a pre-requisite for the acquisition of language through content-based activities. The study did not dwell on the effects of collaboration on language development but focused, rather, on how individual students collaborate in an online, e-learning course, what forms this collaboration takes, and how the pattern of collaboration changes as the course progresses. This focus allowed the researcher to look at ways collaboration affected the persistence and retention challenges of on-line learning experience. The course was designed for students learning EFL at a university in Korea. It lasts one semester, and is delivered using a virtual learning environment (VLE) program developed by the university. The course consists of 15 units to be completed at the rate of one a week. Each unit focuses on a different topic and consists of a reading passage and a listening exercise. This is followed by some writing activities, including a weekly written report, and recording assignments. The researcher was the instructor for this course, and made special interventions using appropriate technology (sometimes e-mail, other times Skype to make it more personal) to encourage students to work in pairs, and in group discussions, and to post their work in the VLE so that others could read and comment on it. The current study reports on the experience of running the course with one group of 47 Korean university students. Data was gathered from the learners‟ journals, their assignments, feedback and comments posted on the web board, and emails to the instructor. The VLE also recorded statistics showing the students‟ usage of the different components of the course, and how their use of these components changed and fluctuated as the course progressed. The results showed that in the process of completing the course the majority of the learners reported a strong sense of “belonging” to a learning community, developing a close rapport with other learners by sharing their work, exchanging comments and taking part in discussions. Students felt proud of their work as well as of the process of working together with other learners. In particular, the results suggest that opportunities for social interaction and feedback play a crucial role in developing the emotional connection which helps to create a collaborative learning environment and support an effective learning community. The evidence suggests that the appropriate use of technology when delivering an on-line course may, in fact, encourage collaboration because of two phenomena that are not always evident in a traditional, place-based classroom. These are anonymity and reciprocity. Anonymity makes it easier for students to share their work and ideas because, if a contribution is embarrassing, it may have less negative effect than in a face-to-face exchange. Reciprocity refers to the natural inclination of a student, having learned from others in the VLE, to give something back to the community

Numerical Sensitivity Tests of Volatile Organic Compounds Emission to PM2.5 Formation during Heat Wave Period in 2018 in Two Southeast Korean Cities

A record-breaking severe heat wave was recorded in southeast Korea from 11 July to 15 August 2018, and the numerical sensitivity simulations of volatile organic compound (VOC) to secondarily generated particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) concentrations were studied in the Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas in southeast Korea. A weather research and forecasting (WRF) model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) was employed, and we carried out VOC emission sensitivity simulations to investigate variations in PM2.5 concentrations during the heat wave period that occurred from 11 July to 15 August 2018. In our study, when anthropogenic VOC emissions from the Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment-2015 (CREATE-2015) inventory were increased by approximately a factor of five in southeast Korea, a better agreement with observations of PM2.5 mass concentrations was simulated, implying an underestimation of anthropogenic VOC emissions over southeast Korea. The simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction, in particular, showed greater dominance during high temperature periods such as 19-21 July, 2018, with the SOA fractions of 42.3% (in Busan) and 34.3% (in Ulsan) among a sub-total of seven inorganic and organic components. This is considerably higher than observed annual mean organic carbon (OC) fraction (28.4 +/- 4%) among seven components, indicating the enhancement of secondary organic aerosols induced by photochemical reactions during the heat wave period in both metropolitan areas. The PM2.5 to PM10 ratios were 0.69 and 0.74, on average, during the study period in the two cities. These were also significantly higher than the typical range in those cities, which was 0.5-0.6 in 2018. Our simulations implied that extremely high temperatures with no precipitation are significantly important to the secondary generation of PM2.5 with higher secondary organic aerosol fraction via photochemical reactions in southeastern Korean cities. Other possible relationships between anthropogenic VOC emissions and temperature during the heat wave episode are also discussed in this study

Identification of parameter matrices using estimated FRF variation

This study presents an analytical method to predict the dynamic parameters of actual structure from measured FRF (Frequency Response Function) data. The inconsistency due to modeling errors between the actual structure and the finite element model exists. The number of measured data is less than the one of a full set of dofs and should be expanded to estimate the parameters. Considering that the stiffness and mass matrices are related with the real part of the expanded FRF data and the damping matrix with the imaginary part, the variation in the parameter matrices is evaluated. A numerical example evaluates the appropriateness of the proposed method

Damage detection based on the internal force or deformation variation

The presence of damage in an intact structure leads to the change in internal force and deformation due to stiffness deterioration in the region of damage. This study proposes modelbased damage detection methods by deriving the mathematical formulation to describe such changes. The force and deformation variations between the undamaged and damaged systems are derived by minimizing the variation in dynamic strain energy with respect to the internal force and deformation vectors, respectively. They are expressed by the product of a coefficient matrix and the external force vector, and the product of a coefficient matrix and the displacement vector, respectively. Taking singular value decomposition (SVD) on the coefficient matrices of rank-deficiency, this study identifies the damaged elements as belonging to the set of elements whose internal forces or deformations between two adjacent nodes of finite element model are not changed. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated in a simple application

General and Tissue Specific Gene Regulation by the WNT Signaling Pathway in Drosophila.

Secreted proteins of the Wnt family act through a conserved signaling cascade to regulate gene expression. While many genes are regulated by this pathway in a cell-specific manner, some targets are ubiquitously activated. This thesis explores both modes of regulation by Wnt signaling using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster as a model. The naked cuticle (nkd) gene is activated by Wnt signaling in all tissues examined and encodes a feedback antagonist of the pathway. To learn more about its activation by Wg, we identified several cis-regulatory Wg response elements (WREs) in the nkd locus. These nkd-WREs, two from the upstream intergenic region and another from the first intron of the nkd gene, are named UpE1, UpE2 and IntE, respectively. When the three WREs are tested simultaneously in flies, they largely recapitulate the pattern of endogenous nkd in multiple tissues. The individual WREs show distinct but overlapping patterns in various tissues. These data suggest that nkd requires multiple tissue-specific WREs to fully respond to the Wg signal. The importance of the WREs was confirmed by generating flies with a deletion in these elements, which significantly reduces the expression of nkd in several tissues. To explore the mechanism of gene-specific regulation by Wnt signaling, I characterized two related nuclear proteins, Split ends (Spen) and Spenito (Nito). Spen was previously shown to be required for regulation of some Wnt targets but the role of Nito had not been explored. I found that simultaneous depletion of spen and nito by RNA interference resulted in a greater reduction in activation of some Wnt targets than knockdown of either gene alone. This suggests that Spen and Nito act redundantly in Wnt signaling. Even with simultaneous knockdown of spen and nito, several Wnt targets are still activated normally. Biochemical analysis in cultured cells indicates that Spen and Nito are not required for formation of the TCF-Armadillo complex that is known to activate target gene expression. These data indicate that Spen and Nito are gene-specific regulators of the pathway that act downstream of TCF-Armadillo.Ph.D.Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60792/1/jhcz_2.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60792/2/jhcz_1.pd

The analysis of using motives in Jake Heggie's Opera Dead Man Walking

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 음악대학 음악과, 2021.8. 박미혜.Abstract Hee-Jin Chang Department of Music The Graduate School Seoul National University Jake Heggie (1961∼) is a composer who values ​​opera lyricism and prefers tonal music. His work consists of accessible and realistic contents, and they contain lyrical lines as film music that are very approachable for 21st populace. Heggie’s music also includes various harmony and unconstrained musical expression that it is very research valuable. His works include the contents that were dealt in previous Classical music such as love, hatred, loss, joy, sadness, salvation, revenge, and etc.. The opera Dead Man Walking is Heggie’s first Opera based on the human story of the death row that premiered at the War Memorial Opera House with the production of San Francisco Opera on October 7, 2000. This Opera is a world hit with over 300 successes in North America and Europe including the productions in ‘Semperoper’ in Dresden, ‘Theater an der Wien’ in Vienna, and Malmö Opera in Sweden. Also, the theme of Opera deals with human life of the death-row convict. Heggie mentions that all things in the Opera need to be support the drama. However, before writing an Opera, Heggie considers the characters first and writes the appropriate music for the characters like melodic and rhythmic motives for the characters and let the music lead the drama. He used the motives as other composers like Wolfgang Amadeus Moart(1756∼1791), Franz Schubert(1797∼1828), Robert Schumann(1810∼1856), Giacomo Puccini(1858∼1924), and Richard Wagner(1813∼1883). In addition, he loved the voice and used the vocal line as one of the instruments to complete the orchestra. So that, the text in the vocal line is cleary conveyed to the audience along with the orchestra. Heggie also used the variation of the motives and harmony that clearly stands out the character’s personality and circumstance. He uses the variation of the motives and piles them up to the other to form the climax. He made the music for the audience not only to focus on the music itself, but to concentrate on the solid characters and the moral philosophy. Again, these elements can be found in the motives and his composition. Besides Classical music, Heggie also like Blues, Jazz, Gospel, Pop, Rock and etc. and the librettist, Terrence McNally, the writer of the Opera, asked Heggie to include the characteristics of the above music like Jazz, Rock, and etc.. Helen Prejean, the writer and a nun who provided the main contents for the Opera, asked Heggie to compose a piece of music that could be hummed in shower. Because the modern Opera is formed with modernate tone that nobody understands and remembers. Heggie accepted all of these requests and composed the Opera Dead Man Walking based on Sister Prejean's real story. Opera Dead Man Walking is about the dealth-row criminal who killed two high school students. Along the criminal’s life until his death in prison, Sister Helen Prejean guides and helps to get his redemption, and the Opera also contains the redemption for the parents who lost their children by the criminal. Heggie made the unity for the use of repeated motives that related to the conflicts, the journey, and the redemption. This dissertation is focused on the analysis of the motives that connects and expresses the redemption that Sister Helen Prejean requested to Heggie. In this Opera, there are four main motives and other minor motives representing the salvation, journey, conflict, and Joseph's name related to the main characters, Sister Prejean and the death penalty of Joseph. The four main motives are named by Jake Heggie and they are ‘Conflict’ motive, ‘Journey’ motive, ‘He will gather us around’ motive, and ‘Joseph’ motive. The minor motives are ‘Joseph’s mother’ motive, ‘Parents of dead children’ motive, ‘Say a prayer’ motive, ‘Woman on the tier’ motive, ‘Everything is gonna be alright’ motive, ‘Prison’ motive, and ‘Dead Man Walking’ motive. These minor motives are the real contents that Sister Helen Prejean actually experienced. This dissertation will focus on how those motives of Opera Dead Man Walking musically relate to the situation of drama and how they are connected to each other to express the theme of the drama.국 문 초 록 제이크 헤기(Jake Heggie, 1961∼)는 오페라의 서정성을 중시하며 조성음악을 선호한 미국의 대표적인 현대 작곡가이다. 그의 작품은 이해하기 쉽고 사실적인 내용으로 이루어져 있으며 21세기 대중들에게 친숙하게 와닿을 수 있는 영화 음악과 같은 서정적인 선율에 다양한 화성과 자유로운 음악어법으로 구성되어 연구할 만한 충분한 가치를 지닌다. 본 논문에서 다룰 오페라 은 헤기의 첫 오페라 작품으로, 2000년 10월 7일에 샌프란시스코 오페라(San Francisco)의 기획으로 전쟁 기념 오페라 극장(War Memorial Opera House)에서 초연된 후 드레스덴의 젬퍼 오퍼(Semperoper), 비엔나의 안 데어 빈 극장(Theater an der Wien), 스웨덴의 말뫼 오페라(Malmö Opera) 등 북미와 유럽에서 지금까지 300여 차례 공연되며 성공을 거두었다. 이 오페라는 작가인 헬렌 프리진 수녀(Helen Prejean, 1939∼, 미국 출생)가 자신이 직접 만난 한 사형수의 인간적인 이야기를 담아서 쓴 논픽션 소설 『데드 맨 워킹』을 바탕으로 만들어졌다. 제이크 헤기는 “오페라는 극이 중요하며 모든 요소들은 극의 진행을 도와야 한다”고 말한다. 그는 오페라를 작곡하기 전에 각각의 등장인물의 배경과 상황, 그리고 그들의 심리상태를 명확하게 보여주는 화음과 모티브를 만들고 그 형태들이 음악을 이끌어 하나의 극을 이룰 수 있도록 했다. 헤기는 볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트(W. A. Mozart, 1756∼1791), 프란츠 슈베르트(Franz Schubert, 1797∼1828), 로베르트 슈만(Robert Schumann, 1810∼1856), 자코모 푸치니(Giacomo Puccini, 1858∼1924), 리하르트 바그너(Richard Wagner, 1813∼1883) 등의 모티브 운용방식의 영향을 받았으며 위에서 언급한 것과 같이 오페라를 작곡할 때 모티브를 통해 등장인물의 상황과 감정을 나타내는 방식을 즐겨 사용했다. 그리고 그는 작곡하는 데 있어서 성악 선율이 오케스트라를 완성해 주는 하나의 악기처럼 사용하였다. 이러한 작곡 방식은 성악 선율의 가사 내용이 명확하게 음악과 잘 어우러지게 들릴 수 있도록 만든다. 헤기는 오페라를 작곡할 때 개개인의 다양한 등장인물들의 음악적 모티브들이 하나의 큰 음악의 틀 안에서 형성될 수 있도록 유도한다. 그래서 그는 극과 상황에 맞추어 변주되는 모티브를 사용해 악구를 연결하거나 극 전체에 걸쳐 여러 모티브를 중첩해 사용함으로써 클라이맥스를 형성한다. 이와 같은 모티브 사용과 작곡기법을 통해 헤기는 청중이 극의 내용에 집중할 수 있게 하고 등장인물의 감정을 충실히 느낄 수 있도록 한다. 클래식 작곡가이면서도 블루스와 재즈, 가스펠, 팝, 록 음악 등 대중음악을 즐겨 듣던 헤기는 이 오페라의 대본을 썼던 테렌스 맥날리(Terrence McNally, 1938∼)의 요청으로 재즈와 록 음악 등 다양한 음악 장르의 특성을 인용하여 청중으로 하여금 더욱 친근하게 오페라에 접근할 수 있도록 했다. 그리고 작가 프리진 수녀는 헤기에게 대중이 이해하기 어렵고 기억하기 힘든 난해한 선율을 지닌 여느 현대음악과는 다르게 극장에서 나왔을 때 관객들이 자연스럽게 허밍으로 따라 부를 수 있는 오페라를 작곡해 달라고 부탁했다. 헤기는 위의 모든 요청을 수락하여 오페라 을 작곡했다. 오페라 은 두 명의 고등학생을 살해한 조셉 드 로쉐라는 살인자가 사형 집행 과정에서 헬렌의 도움으로 영적인 구원을 받고, 살해된 아이들의 부모들이 품은 복수심을 용서로 바꾸는 내용의 오페라이다. 헤기는 프리진 수녀의 이야기와 맥날리의 대본을 효과적으로 음악에 표현하기 위해 등장인물에 맞는 다양한 모티브들을 만들었으며, 극에서 중요하게 여겨지는 구원, 갈등과 여정에 연관된 모티브들을 연속적으로 장면에 사용함으로써 오페라에 통일성을 주었다. 이 작품에는 네 개의 주요 모티브와 그 외 부차 모티브가 있다. 주요 모티브는 중심인물인 헬렌과 사형수 조셉이 관련된 두려움과 갈등의 상황을 설명하는 ‘갈등’ 모티브(‘Conflict’ motive), 살인자 조셉을 구원으로 인도하는 여정을 표현하는 ‘여정’ 모티브(‘Journey’ motive), 갈등의 상황에서 헬렌으로부터 연주되는 믿음의 기도인 ‘헬렌’ 모티브(‘He will gather us around’ motive), 그리고 조셉의 이름을 나타내는 ‘조셉’ 모티브(‘Joseph’ motive)가 있다. 이 외의 부차 모티브로는 조셉의 인간적인 면을 투영하는 ‘조셉 어머니’ 모티브, 살해된 아이들의 상황과 억울함을 호소하는 ‘살해된 아이들’ 모티브, 교통경찰과 교도소의 수감자가 죽음 앞에서 자신을 도와달라는 ‘기도요청’ 모티브(‘Say a prayer’ motive), 감옥에 이른 헬렌의 두려움을 증폭시키는 ‘수감자’ 모티브(‘Woman on the tier’ motive), 조셉이 내면에서 스스로를 위로하는 ‘다 잘 될 거야’ 모티브(‘Everything is gonna be alright’ motive), 감옥의 상황을 표현하는 ‘감옥’ 모티브, 오페라의 제목과 부합되는 것으로서 조셉의 사형을 알리는 ‘데드 맨 워킹’ 모티브(‘Dead man walking’ motive) 등이 있다. 본 논문은 위와 같은 오페라 의 모티브들이 극의 상황에 따라 각각 어떻게 변주되며 이 모티브들 간의 유기적인 관계가 극의 주제와 어떻게 긴밀히 연결되는지를 연구한다.Ⅰ. 서 론 1 Ⅱ. 본 론 5 1. 제이크 헤기(Jake Heggie) 5 1) 제이크 헤기의 생애 5 2) 제이크 헤기의 경력과 그의 대표작들 9 (1) 경력 9 (2) 대표작들 10 2. 대본가 테렌스 맥날리와 작가 헬렌 프리진 수녀 12 1) 대본가 테렌스 맥날리(Terrence McNally) 12 2) 작가 헬렌 프리진 수녀(Sister Helen Prejean) 14 3. 오페라 <데드 맨 워킹>의 배경 15 4. 헤기의 모티브 활용 방식 18 5. 오페라 <데드 맨 워킹>의 모티브 소개 및 주요 모티브 분석 23 1) '갈등' 모티브('Conflict' motive) 41 2) '여정' 모티브('Journey' motive) 72 3) '헬렌' 모티브('He will gather us around' motive) 100 4) '조셉' 모티브('Joseph' motive) 142 6. 부차 모티브 및 변주 분석 176 1) '조셉 어머니' 모티브 177 2) '살해된 아이들' 모티브 187 3) '기도요청' 모티브('Say a prayer' motive) 192 4) '수감자' 모티브('Woman on the tier' motive) 198 5) '다 잘 될 거야' 모티브 ('Everything is gonna be alright' motive) 202 6) '감옥' 모티브 204 7) '데드 맨 워킹' 모티브('Dead man walking' motive) 208 7. 인용 216 1) 엘비스 프레슬리 음악 인용 216 2) 찬송가 인용 221 3) 생일 축하 노래 인용 224 Ⅲ. 결 론 227 Ⅳ. 참고문헌 234 부록 239 Abstract 252박

Epidemiological Aspects of Exotic Malaria and Dengue Fever in Travelers in Korea

In order to compare the epidemiological aspects of exotic malaria (EM) and dengue fever (DF) imported by travelers in Korea, we have analyzed the current state both of the disease incidence and related risk factors. A total of 345 cases of EM occurred between 2001 and 2008 in Korea, and the average incidence rate per 100,000 population was 0.091. A total of 252 of DF cases occurred during the same period, and its rate was 0.063. While most of the EM and DF prevalence occurred in summer, prevalence in spring and winter was more prominent for EM (P < 0.05 ~ P < 0.01), while outbreaks in summer were more frequent for DF (P < 0.01). In Korea, more males were infected with EM and DF than females (P < 0.01). The remarkable difference between gender distributions in Korea is believed to reflect cultural differences in terms of work and travel. In both diseases, the manhood age bracket (20 - 39 years old) is possible due to increased oversea activities and travel. Moreover, reported EM cases in several prefectures in the regions of Asia and Africa were widely spread by the appropriate vector of mosquitoes, while the vectors of DF in the region of Asia are limited

Transplantation of Adipose Derived Stromal Cells into the Developing Mouse Eye

Adipose derived stromal cells (ADSCs) were transplanted into a developing mouse eye to investigate the influence of a developing host micro environment on integration and differentiation. Green fluorescent protein-expressing ADSCs were transplanted by intraocular injections. The age of the mouse was in the range of 1 to 10 days postnatal (PN). Survival dates ranged from 7 to 28 post transplantation (DPT), at which time immunohistochemistry was performed. The transplanted ADSCs displayed some morphological differentiations in the host eye. Some cells expressed microtubule associated protein 2 (marker for mature neuron), or glial fibrillary acid protein (marker for glial cell). In addition, some cells integrated into the ganglion cell layer. The integration and differentiation of the transplanted ADSCs in the 5 and 10 PN 7 DPT were better than in the host eye the other age ranges. This study was aimed at demonstrating how the age of host micro environment would influence the differentiation and integration of the transplanted ADSCs. However, it was found that the integration and differentiation into the developing retina were very limited when compared with other stem cells, such as murine brain progenitor cell