Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation of Memantine in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to Bioequivalence Study

A simple, sensitive, and rapid HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantitative estimation of memantine in human plasma. Chromatography was performed on Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 × 75 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Memantine (ME) and internal standard Memantine-d6(MED6) were extracted by using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 50.00–50000.00 pg/ml for ME in human plasma. This method demonstrated an intra- and interday precision within the range of 2.1–3.7 and 1.4–7.8%, respectively. Further intra- and interday accuracy was within the range of 95.6–99.8 and 95.7–99.1% correspondingly. The mean recovery of ME and MED6 was 86.07 ± 6.87 and 80.31 ± 5.70%, respectively. The described method was successfully employed in bioequivalence study of ME in Indian male healthy human volunteers under fasting conditions

Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of subgingival strips of calcium alginate for controlled delivery of ofloxacin and metronidazole

Objetivos: Elaborar y evaluar tiras subgingivales combinadas compuestas por Ofloxacino y metronidazol in vitro con alginato de calcio biodegradable.Métodos: las tiras se prepararon utilizando el método de evaporación del disolvente. Se usó una concentración del 10% de CaCl2 para la gelificación.de las tiras.Resultados: el grosor de las tiras se encuentra dentro de las recomendaciones (>320 μm). In vitro, la liberación de la droga siguió una cinética bifásica que fue suficiente para alcanzar la CMI e inhibir el crecimiento de microorganismos durante 5 días. La “tasa de liberación de la droga” es inversamente proporcional a la concentración de polímero de la formulación. La liberación de la “droga” fue por difusión y en segunda fase por disolución.Discusión: Las preparaciones OM1 y OM2 que contienen un 90 y un 75% de polímero respectivamente, podrían ser empleadas en liberación controlada durante cinco días en infecciones sublinguales. Siendo el alginato cálcico biodegradable una buena elección como polímero retardanteAim: Subgingival strips of combined ofloxacin (OFX) and metronidazole (MET) were fabricated and evaluated in vitro using biodegradable calcium alginate.Methods: Strips of drug:polymer (10:90, 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25) were prepared using solvent casting method. A 10%w/v CaCl2 solution was used for gelation of the strips.Results: The thickness of strips were at par of recommended thickness (<320 μm). In vitro release of drugs followed a biphasic kinetics which was sufficient to maintain the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms for 5 days. The rate of drug release was inversely proportional to polymer concentration in the formulations. The drug release was by diffusion in second phase of dissolution.Conclusions: The formulations OM1 and OM2 which contain 90 and 75%w/w of polymer could be employed for controlled delivery of combined OFX and MET for 5 days in subgingival infections. Calcium alginate, being a biodegradable is a good choice as drug retarding polymer

Supraclavicular decompression for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in adolescent and adult populations

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to better define clinical results and understand factors determining responsiveness to surgical treatment for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) in adolescent and adult populations.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted for 189 patients with disabling NTOS who underwent primary supraclavicular decompression (scalenectomy, brachial plexus neurolysis and first rib resection, with or without pectoralis minor tenotomy) from April 2008 to December 2010. Clinical characteristics were compared between 35 adolescent patients (aged <21 years) and 154 adults (aged >21 years). Functional outcome measures were assessed before surgery and at 3- and 6-month follow-up using a composite NTOS Index combining the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) survey, the Cervical-Brachial Symptom Questionnaire (CBSQ), and a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) for pain.ResultsAdolescent and adult patients were not significantly different with respect to sex (overall 72.5% female), side affected (58.7% right, 60.3% dominant limb), bony anomalies (23.3%), previous injury (55.6%), coexisting pain disorders (11.1%), and positive responses to scalene muscle anesthetic blocks (95.6%). Compared with adults, adolescent patients had a significantly (P < .05) lower incidence of depression (11.4% vs 41.6%), motor vehicle injury (5.7% vs 20.1%), previous operations (11.4% vs 29.9%), preoperative use of opiate medications (17.1% vs 44.8%), and symptom duration >2 years (24.2% vs 50.0%). Mean preoperative NTOS Index (scale 0-100) was significantly lower in adolescent vs adult patients (46.5 ± 3.6 vs 58.5 ± 1.7; P = .009), and hospital length of stay was 4.4 ± 0.2 vs 4.9 ± 0.1 days (P = .03), but the rate of postoperative complications was no different (overall, 4.2%). Although both groups exhibited significant improvement in functional outcome measures at 3 and 6 months, adolescent patients had significantly lower NTOS Index (10.4 ± 3.1 vs 39.3 ± 3.3; P < .001) and use of opiate medications (11.4% vs 47.4%; P < .001) compared with adults.ConclusionsAdolescents undergoing supraclavicular decompression for NTOS had more favorable preoperative characteristics and enhanced 3-month and 6-month functional outcomes than adults. Further study is needed to delineate the age-dependent and independent factors that promote optimal surgical outcomes for NTOS

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral health care personnel regarding airborne spread of infection in Davangere, India

Introduction: Oral health care professionals (OHPs) are population with a high risk of infections, as they are exposed to an array of microorganisms in saliva and other body fluids during treatment. The aerosolized oral fluids during treatment may form a potent pool of infection. Objective: The objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about airborne infection and their precaution among OHPs in Davangere, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two dental teaching institutions of Davangere. The questionnaire contained questions related to KAP on airborne infection, its spread, and precaution. All the scores were summed and reported on a scale of 0-9 for knowledge, 0-4 for attitude and practice questions were scored on a 5-point Likert-Scale. Result: A response rate of 95.27% was observed. All the respondents knew that the infection was spread through aerosols during treatment. There was a significant improvement in KAP as the years in clinical practice increased. There was a linear correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.171, P < 0.001), and knowledge and practice scores (r = 0.142, P < 0.00l) when all groups (dental faculty, postgraduate, and students) were combined, but there was no correlation between attitude and practice scores of individuals. Conclusion: This study reflects an increased knowledge and practice as the professionals move higher in the hierarchy. But there exists some disparity between the isolation precautions followed by the respondents of the current study and those from the recommended guidelines

Bio-analytical method development and validation of Rasagiline by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection and its application to pharmacokinetic study

The most suitable bio-analytical method based on liquidâliquid extraction has been developed and validated for quantification of Rasagiline in human plasma. Rasagiline-13C3 mesylate was used as an internal standard for Rasagiline. Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mmÃ50 mm, 3.5 μm) column provided chromatographic separation of analyte followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The method involved simple isocratic chromatographic condition and mass spectrometric detection in the positive ionization mode using an API-4000 system. The total run time was 3.0 min. The proposed method has been validated with the linear range of 5â12000 pg/mL for Rasagiline. The intra-run and inter-run precision values were within 1.3%â2.9% and 1.6%â2.2% respectively for Rasagiline. The overall recovery for Rasagiline and Rasagiline-13C3 mesylate analog was 96.9% and 96.7% respectively. This validated method was successfully applied to the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic study of human volunteers under fasting condition. Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Rasagiline, Liquidâliquid extractio

Elaboración y evaluación in vitro de tiras subgingivales de alginato de calcio para la liberación controlada de ofloxacino y metronidazol

Aim: Subgingival strips of combined ofloxacin (OFX) and metronidazole (MET) were fabricated and evaluated in vitro using biodegradable calcium alginate. Methods: Strips of drug:polymer (10:90, 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25) were prepared using solvent casting method. A 10%w/v CaCl2 solution was used for gelation of the strips. Results: The thickness of strips were at par of recommended thickness (<320 μm). In vitro release of drugs followed a biphasic kinetics which was sufficient to maintain the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms for 5 days. The rate of drug release was inversely proportional to polymer concentration in the formulations. The drug release was by diffusion in second phase of dissolution. Conclusions: The formulations OM1 and OM2 which contain 90 and 75%w/w of polymer could be employed for controlled delivery of combined OFX and MET for 5 days in subgingival infections. Calcium alginate, being a biodegradable is a good choice as drug retarding polymer.Objetivos: Elaborar y evaluar tiras subgingivales combinadas compuestas por Ofloxacino y metronidazol in vitro con alginato de calcio biodegradable Métodos: las tiras se prepararon utilizando el método de evaporación del disolvente. Se usó una concentración del 10% de CaCl2 para la gelificación.de las tiras. Resultados: el grosor de las tiras se encuentra dentro de las recomendaciones (>320 μm). In vitro, la liberación de la droga siguió una cinética bifásica que fue suficiente para alcanzar la CMI e inhibir el crecimiento de microorganismos durante 5 días. La “tasa de liberación de la droga” es inversamente proporcional a la concentración de polímero de la formulación. La liberación de la “droga” fue por difusión y en segunda fase por disolución Discusión: Las preparaciones OM1 y OM2 que contienen un 90 y un 75% de polímero respectivamente, podrían ser empleadas en liberación controlada durante cinco días en infecciones sublinguales. Siendo el alginato cálcico biodegradable una buena elección como polímero retardante.El estudio se ha realizado con los medios habituales de que dispone el Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología y a través de los recursos aportados por el Máster Universitario en Atención Farmacéutica (EuropharmNES) de la Universidad de Granada

Parametric studies of methyl esters synthesis from Thumba seed oil using heterogeneous catalyst under conventional stirring and ultrasonic cavitation

The depletion of petroleum resources has created great demand for environmental friendly renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is one of the alternatives to petroleum fuels. The objective of present study is to produce biodiesel (Thumba methyl ester) from Thumba oil in presence acidic ion exchange resin i.e. Amberlyst 15 catalyst followed by results of experimental investigation carried out by the conventional stirring method as well as an ultrasonic cavitation method. The effect of molar ratio (1:4 to 1:8 (oil to alcohol)), catalyst concentration (1.0–1.4% (Weight of catalyst/Weight of oil)), Reaction temperature (55 °C–70 °C) on yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and conversion of triglycerides (TG) were studied by keeping other process parameter constant. Many experiments were employed to investigate the effects of these parameters. Using conventional stirring method, More than 91% conversion of TG was obtained at optimum values of 65 °C in 1 h with 1:6 oil to methanol molar ratio and catalyst concentration of 1.2% Amberlyst 15 in oil. A higher yield of thumba methyl ester about 89% and conversion of triglycerides about 97% was obtained in ultrasonic cavitation reactor within 40 min only. The optimized values of temperature, oil to alcohol molar ratio and catalyst concentration were found to be 65 °C, 1:6 molar ratio and 1.2 wt% of oil respectively. Ultrasonic cavitation method was found to be more rapid, energy efficient and time saving over conventional stirring method. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard heat of reaction, standard Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant at optimized operating conditions were reported. A kinetic study of transesterification of Thumba oil for conventional heating method is presented in this paper. The observed rate constant for the overall reaction was of two orders. The experimental data thus obtained was well fitted to the second order kinetics with respect to methanol. Keywords: Biodiesel, Citrullus colocyntis, Thumba oil, Transesterification, Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME