34 research outputs found
Determination of Residual Epichlorohydrin in Sevelamer Hydrochloride by Static Headspace Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection
A sensitive static headspace gas chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of residual epichlorohydrin (ECH) in sevelamer hydrochloride (SVH) drug substance. This method utilized a Phenomenex Zebron ZB-WAX GC column, helium as carrier gas with flame ionization detection. The critical experimental parameters, such as, headspace vial incubation time and incubation temperature were studied and optimized. The method was validated as per United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in terms of detection limit (DL), quantitation limit (QL), linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness. A linear range from 0.30 to 10 μg/mL was obtained with the coefficient of determination (r2) 0.999. The DL and QL of ECH were 0.09 μg/mL and 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery obtained for ECH was between 91.7 and 96.6%. Also, the specificity of the method was proved through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method was applied successfully to determine the content of residual ECH in SVH bulk drug
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Glucose oxidation at Pt/PVC-bonded RuO<sub>2</sub> composite electrode</span>
25-28<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:" calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:="" minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="">The electrochemical
oxidation of glucose in 1M NaOH at Pt/PVC-bonded RuO2, composite
electrode, fabricated using RUO2 powders prepared at 300°C, occurs
via surface redox mediation by Ru(VI)/Ru(VII) intermediates, following
Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The related kinetic parameters are evaluated from
Lineweaver-Burke plots. The improved response and the extended detection limit
for glucose estimation are analysed.</span
Electrochemical and XPS Characterization of Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface Effects on the Preparation of a Monomeric Molybdate(VI)-Modified Electrode
The acceleration of the hydrogen evolution reaction from acid solutions by sulfur compounds
Electrochemical Analysis of Aqueous Benzalkonium Chloride Micellar Solution and Its Mediated Electrocatalytic De-Chlorination Application
The physicochemical properties of biologically important benzalkonium chlorides (BKCs) and the effects of its structure on the de-chlorination of allyl chloride was studied by electrogenerated [Co(I)(bipyridine)3]+ (Co(I)) using an electrochemical technique. The results of [Co(II)(bipyridine)3]2+ (Co(II)) cyclic voltammetry in the presence of BKC demonstrates Co(II)/Co(III) redox couple for physicochemical analysis of BKC and Co(II)/Co(I) redox couple for catalytic application. Cyclic voltammetry over a range of scan rates and BKC concentrations revealed the BKC-bound Co(II)/Co(III) micelles showed that the identification of cmc and association of the probe Co(II) species, associated more in the hydrophobic region. In addition, change in diffusion coefficient value of Co(II)/Co(III) with BKC concentration demonstrates the association of Co(II) in micellar hydrophobic region. The beneficial effects of BKC could be accounted for by considering the benzyl headgroup-Co (II) precatalyst-volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (allyl chloride here) substrate interaction. Chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) revealed 100% complete de-chlorination of allyl chloride accompanied by three non-chloro products. This is the first report of benzyl headgroup-induced micellar enhancement by an electrochemical method, showing that it is possible to use hydrophobic benzyl headgroup-substitution to tune the properties of micelles for various applications
Experimental aspects of combined NOx and SO2 removal from flue-gas mixture in an integrated wet scrubber-electrochemical cell system
The objective of this work was to study the effect of some operating conditions on the simultaneous
removal of NOx and SO2 from simulated NO–SO2–air flue-gas mixtures in a scrubber column. The gaseous
components were absorbed into 6 M HNO3 electrolyte in the scrubber in a counter-current mode, and
were oxidatively removed by the Ag(II) mediator oxidant electrochemically generated in an electrochemical
cell set-up. The integration of the electrochemical cell with the scrubber set-up ensured continuous
regeneration of the Ag(II) mediator and its repeated reuse for NOx and SO2 removal purpose, thereby
avoiding: (1) the usage of chemicals continuously for oxidation and (2) the production of secondary
waste. The influences of packing material (raschig glass rings, raschig poly(vinylidene) fluoride rings, Jaeger
tri-pack perfluoroalkoxy spheres), feed concentrations of NO and SO2 (100–400 ppm NO and 100–
400 ppm SO2), superficial gas velocity (0.061–0.61 m s�1) and liquid velocity (0.012–0.048 m s�1) were
investigated. The raschig glass rings with high surface area provided highest NO removal efficiency.
NO and NOx showed decreasing abatement at higher feed concentrations. The removal of nitrogen components
was faster and also greater, when SO2 co-existed in the feed. Whereas the gas flow rate decreased
the removal efficiency, the liquid flow rate increased it for NO and NOx. The flow rate effects were analyzed
in terms of gas/liquid residence time and superficial liquid velocity/superficial gas velocity ratio.
SO2 removal was total under all conditions
Removal of H2S using a new Ce(IV) redox mediator by amediated electrochemical oxidation process
BACKGROUND: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from industrial activities and anaerobic manure decomposition in commercial livestock
animal operations is an offensivemalodorous and toxic gas even in small concentrations, causing serious discomfort and health
and social problems. The objective of this study was to employ for the first time a novel, attractive, low cost, environmentally
benign mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process with Ce(IV) as the redox catalyst forH2S gas removal from anH2S–air
feed mixture.
RESULTS: The influence of liquid flow rate (QL) from2–4 Lmin−1, gas flow rate (QG) from 30–70 L min−1, H2S concentration in
theH2S–air feed mixture from 5–15 ppm, and Ce(III) pre-mediator concentration in the electrochemical cell from 0.1–1 mol L−1
on H2S removal efficiency were investigated. Both liquid and gas flow rates influenced the removal efficiencies, but in opposite
directions.Nearly 98%H2S removal was achievedwhen the concentration of Ce(IV)mediator ion in the flowing scrubbing liquid
reached 0.08mol L−1.
CONCLUSIONS: The new MEOmethod proved promising for H2S removal, achieving high removal efficiency. Integration of the
electrochemical cell with the scrubber set-up ensured continuous regeneration of the mediator and its repeated reuse for H2S
removal, avoiding use of additional chemicals. Since the processworks at room temperature and atmospheric pressure utilizing
conventional transition metal oxide electrodes more commonly used in industrial applications, it is also safe and economical
Simultaneous Removal of NOxand SO2: A Promising Ag(II)/Ag(I) Based Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation System
The present study is a first attempt towards utilizing a Ag(II)/Ag(I) based mediated
electrochemical oxidation (MEO) system for the simultaneous clean-up of NOx and
SO2 gases in simulated flue gas-air mixtures on a laboratory-scale scrubber column
integrated with an electrochemical reactor, and to rationalize the efficient application
of the MEO process for flue gas abatement and pollution control. Experiments
were carried out with individual gas components followed with the mixture, and the
effect of input NO and input SO2 concentrations was examined on the NOx and SO2
removal efficiencies at 208C. Complete oxidation of NO to NO2 with 100% NO removal
efficiency and 80% NOx removal efficiency was achieved along with 100% SO2 removal
efficiency, highlighting the potentially far greater efficiency of the Ag(II)/Ag(I) based
MEO system in functionality and selectivity. Significant research work in this direction
can be anticipated in the near future