Neutrosophic ωα - Closed Sets in Neutrosophic Topological Spaces

Aim of this present paper is, we introduce and investigate a new class of closed sets is called Neutrosophic ωα-closed sets in Neutrosophic topological spaces and its properties and characterization are discussed details

Correcting C-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity data for rain attenuation: a self-consistent method with constraints

Includes bibliographical references.Quantitative use of C-band radar measurements of reflectivity (Zh) and differential reflectivity (Zdr) demands the use of accurate attenuation-correction procedures, especially in convective rain events. With the availability of differential phase measurements (Φdp) with a dual-polarized radar, it is now possible to improve and stabilize attenuation-correction schemes over earlier schemes which did not use Φdp. The recent introduction of constraint-based correction schemes using Φdp constitute an important advance [8], [9]. In this paper, a self-consistent, constraint-based algorithm is proposed and evaluated which extends the previous approaches in several important respects. Radar data collected by the C-POL radar during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) are used to illustrate the correction scheme. The corrected radar data are then compared against disdrometer-based scattering simulations, the disdrometer data being acquired during SCSMEX. A new algorithm is used to retrieve the median volume diameter from the corrected Zh, corrected Zdr, and Kdp radar measurements which is relatively immune to the precise drop axis ratio versus drop diameter relation. Histograms of the radar-retrieved Do compared against Do from disdrometer data are in remarkable good agreement lending further validity to the proposed attenuation-correction scheme, as well as to confidence in the use of C-band radar for the remote measurement of rain microphysics.The work of V. N. Bringi and V. Chandrasekar was supported by the NASA/TRMM Grant NAG5-7717 and -7876

Study of results following isolated loop pancreatico jejunostomy after classical whipples procedure: Results of 38 cases.

INTRODUCTION : Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the procedure of choice for treatment of peri-ampullary and pancreatic head malignancies and was first described by Allen Whipple et al in the 1930s. Early enthusiasm concerning the procedure was followed by scepticism because of the associated high morbidity and mortality rates. However advances in operative techniques and perioperative patient care have resulted in lower hospital mortality and longer Survival, making the procedure relatively safe in expert hands. AIM : To analyse the results in terms of morbidity and mortality following isolated loop pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and to look for difference if any between duct to mucosa versus dunking type of anastomosis. To evaluate results in terms of morbidity and mortality from isolated loop pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and compare with results from anastomosis using single jejunal loop and pancreaticogastrostomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS : All patients attending the outpatient department of Surgical Gastroenterology with operable growth in the periampullary region or head of pancreas were included in the study group. The data of one hundred and thirty eight patients were collected prospectively. Details tabulated included demographic characters, preoperative variables , performance status , diagnosis ,type of anastomosis , postoperative morbidity and mortality .Postoperative morbity noted included delayed gastric emptying , anastomotic leak , hemorrhagic complications ,wound infection , intraabdominal collection , pneumonitis and urinary tract infection .All patients in the study underwent a standard whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy. RESULTS : Of the male and 38% were female patients. The minimum age was 30 and maximum one hundred and thirty eight patients included in the study 62% were age was 72 with a mean age of 51.7. The distribution of disease were as follows: periampullary 102[79.68%], pancreatic 15[11.7%], distal CBD 6[6%] and duodenal growth 5[4.6%].Among the complications delayed gastric emptying occurred in 57[44.53%], haemorrhage in 7[5.4%], pancreatic leak in 30.46%( grade A-20 [15.6%], grade B-12 [9.3%], and grade C-7[5.4%]), intraabdominal collection in 15%, wound infection in 22%, pneumonitis in 7%, urinary tract infection in 6% of patients. The incidence of delayed gastric emptying in the PG group was 38.46% , the incidence in the PJ group was 40.98% and in the isolated loop pancreaticojejunostomy group was 44.73%.The incidence of haemorrhage was 7.6% in the PG group, 6.5% in the PJ group and nil in the isolated PJ group . The incidence of pancreatic anastomotic leak between the three groups was 33% in the PG , 29.5% in the PJ group and 15.78% in isolated PJ group. The incidence of intra abdominal collection in the PG group was 7[17.9%], in the PJ group it was 7 [ 11.4%] and in the isolated PJ group was 5 [13.15%]. The incidence of wound infection was 20.8% in the PG and 26.9% in the PJ group and 22% in isolated PJ group. The incidence of pneumonitis in the PG group was 2 [5.1%] compared to 4[6.5%] in the PJ group and 3[7.8%] in Isolated PJ group. The incidence of urinary tract infection in the PG group was 1[2.5%] and in the PJ group it was 2[3.2%].and 1 [2.6%] in isolated PJ group. The mean duration of nasogastric tube removal was 7.5 days in the PG group and 7.8 days in the PJ group and 7.0 in Isolated PJ group. The mean days of urinary catheter removal was 6.3 days in the PG and 6.7 in the PJ group and 8.0 in isolated PJ group. The mean days of drainage tube removal was 9.3 days in the PG and 9.9 days in the PJ group and 11 in the isolated loop PJ group. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 12.6 days in the PG group and 13.1 days in the PJ group and 11.2 in isolated PJ group. The mortality in the patients who underwent pancreaticogastrostomy was 5.1% ,in the pancreaticojejunostomy group was 4.9 %and 7.8 %in isolated loop PJ .The overall mortality rate was 5.79%. DISCUSSION : Among the 138 patients 57 patients developed DGE, 21 patients developed DGE and pancreatic leak and 15 patients developed other complications along with DGE and pancreatic leak accounting for a morbidity of 39.28%. 38 % of patients in the PG group and 40.98 % in the PJ and 44.73% group developed DGE. The increase in DGE with isolated loop was statistically significant (P value=0.052, 0.045).Pancreatic leak occurred in 39 patients with grade A leak in 20(14%), grade B leak in 12(8.6%) and grade C leak in 7(5%) patients. All patients with pancreatic leak were managed by non-operative means. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of anastomotic leaks among three types of anastomosis , though isolated loop pancreaticojejunostomy tended to have more type A leaks .No hemorrhagic complications were seen with isolated loop pancreaticojejunostomy. There was no significant difference in incidence of other major morbidities. The mortality rate in our study was5.7 % (5.1% in PG group and 4.9% in PJ grou,7.8% in isolated loop PJ group) which was not statistically not significant (P value=1.07,1.12) between the three groups. CONCLUSION : In comparison to pancreatico gastrostomy or single loop pancreatico jejunostomy, Isolated loop pancreatico jejunal anastomoses might lead to lower incidence of higher grade of pancreatic leak .Both dunking and duct to mucosa type anastomoses seem to have similar incidence of leaks , in all three type of anastomosis .There is no significant difference in mortality rate between the three types of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis However, incidence of higher grade leak and anastomotic leak related mortality is lower with isolated loop anastomosis .Incidence of delayed gastric emptying seems to be higher and hemorrhagic complications rarer with isolated loop pancreaticojejunal anastomosis compared to other types of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis

A Radiation Scalar for Numerical Relativity

This letter describes a scalar curvature invariant for general relativity with a certain, distinctive feature. While many such invariants exist, this one vanishes in regions of space-time which can be said unambiguously to contain no gravitational radiation. In more general regions which incontrovertibly support non-trivial radiation fields, it can be used to extract local, coordinate-independent information partially characterizing that radiation. While a clear, physical interpretation is possible only in such radiation zones, a simple algorithm can be given to extend the definition smoothly to generic regions of space-time.Comment: 4 pages, 1 EPS figur

Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Undoped and Doped ZnO Thin Films

ZnO, which has high electrochemical stability, wide band gap energy, large excitonic binding energy, intense near band excitonic emission and is non-toxic, have potential applications in all fields. This chapter reviews the structural, optical and electrical properties of undoped and doped ZnO thin films. The type of doping highly influences the structural properties such as grain size, texture coefficient and unit cell properties. The dopants of transition metal and nonmetals have unique characteristics. Moreover, mono-doping and co-doping encourage this research. The optical properties such as bandgap, charge carrier concentrations and transmissions of the films depend on the doping as well as the preparation condition of the films. The effect of doping on its properties is also discussed

The Final State of Black Strings and p-Branes, and the Gregory-Laflamme Instability

It is shown that the usual entropy argument for the Gregory-Laflamme (GL) instability for $some$ appropriate black strings and $p$-branes gives surprising agreement up to a few percent. This may provide a strong support to the GL's horizon fragmentation, which would produce the array of higher-dimensional Schwarzschild-type's black holes finally. On the other hand, another estimator for the size of the black hole end-state relative to the compact dimension indicates a second order (i.e., smooth) phase transition for some $other$ appropriate compactifications and total dimension of spacetime wherein the entropy argument is not appropriate. In this case, Horowitz-Maeda-type's non-uniform black strings or $p$-branes can be the final state of the GL instability.Comment: More emphasis on a second order phase transition. The computation result is unchange

Prevention of cervical cancer: early detection of precancerous lesions of cervix in women from a marginalized environment

Background: The objective of the present study was to find out the efficacy of low-cost methods, available for screening for cervical cancer and early detection of precancerous lesions, of cervix.Methods: The study with power above 80%, was conducted over a period of almost three years. Women aged below fifty years were included in the study. A total of 100 women were diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 244 women with chronic cervicitis by histopathological examination reports. Ten women were HIV positive.   Results: Low cost screening tests of visual inspection of cervix after application of 5% acetic acid (VIA) and visual inspection of cervix after application of Lugol’s iodine (VILI) were positive in 75% of women with CIN and in combination with colposcopy, positive in 93%. The diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy was highest at 86%. (Odds ratio-.48.79).Conclusions: Initial screening for younger women with fewer years of exposure, the low cost tests, VIA / VILI  could be used under low magnification. Colposcopy should be done for all women with positive tests. The costlier human papilloma virus (HPV) tests should be done at cost effective purpose for high risk groups and when indicated, for early detection of precancerous lesions of cervix and prevention of cervical cancer