Theprinciples of Liability Evovled by Supreme Court of India in Regulation of Glboal Warming: An Assessment

Judiciary in India plays a vital role to fill the vacuums of environmental law. Judiciary in this effort tries to bridge between the Constitution and environmental laws introducing certain principles and doctrines. These principles and doctrines are important to achieve the ends of jurisprudence. Further, judiciary introduces them as many are recognized in international convention. In addition to the above, judiciary made a right observation with the case US District Court in Union of India v. Union Carbine Corporation. Wherein Indian judiciary got an opportunity to develop an indigenous jurisprudence and new strategies. For the first time absolute liability was introduced in the very judgment. Later on other liability principles are introduced such as precautionary principle, polluter's pay principle, public trust doctrine, doctrine of sustainable development and intergenerational equity principle are brought through judiciary from international law as it is implicit power given to under article 51 (c) of the Constitution. The said article directs the state to ' foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with one another. As result of persistent effort of Indian judiciary, the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 working exclusively on environmental matter

LAWS RELATING TO MONEY LAUNDERING: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Money laundering is the processing of the proceeds of criminal acts to disguise their illegal origin. When a criminal activity generates substantial profits, the individual or group involved must find a way to control the funds without attracting attention to the underlying activity or the persons involved. Money laundering is the process by which criminals attempt to conceal the true origin and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activities. If undertaken successfully, it also allows them to maintain control over those proceeds and to provide a legitimate cover for their source of funds. Money laundering is even a single process it can be explained in three different phases namely, placement stage, layering stage and integration stage. With its growing financial strength, India is vulnerable to money laundering activities even though the country's strict foreign exchange laws make it difficult for criminals to launder money. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report by Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs This Act came into force on 1st July 2005with view to preventing money laundering. The Act is being a comprehensive in nature and it has been amended in 2005, 2009 and recently in 2011. Though in India various Anti-Money Laundering measures are there to curb money laundering they are not free from some loopholes or lacunas or problem

ADULT ONSET HENOCH: SCHONLEIN PURPURA – AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION

  Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a common leukocytoclastic vasculitis seen in children. However, it is uncommon in adults. HSP is characterized by the classic tetrad of non-thrombocytopenic palpable purpura, arthritis or arthralgias, gastrointestinal, and renal involvement. We report a rare case of adult onset HSP with multi-organ involvement. Early recognition of multi-organ involvement is very important, especially in adults

Inhibition of the HV1 voltage-gated proton channel compromises the viability of human polarized macrophages in a polarization- and ceramide-dependent manner

The human voltage-gated proton channel (HV1) provides an efficient proton extrusion pathway from the cytoplasm contributing to the intracellular pH regulation and the oxidative burst. Although its pharmacological inhibition was previously shown to induce cell death in various cell types, no such effects have been examined in polarized macrophages albeit HV1 was suggested to play important roles in these cells. This study highlights that 5-chloro-2-guanidinobenzimidazole (ClGBI), the most widely applied HV1 inhibitor, reduces the viability of human THP-1-derived polarized macrophages at biologically relevant doses with M1 macrophages being the most, and M2 cells the least sensitive to this compound. ClGBI may exert this effect principally by blocking HV1 since the sensitivity of polarized macrophages correlates well with their HV1 expression levels; inhibitors of other macrophage ion channels that may be susceptible for off-target ClGBI effects cause no viability reductions; and Zn2+, another non-specific HV1 blocker, exerts similar effects. As a potential mechanism behind the ClGBI-induced cell death, we identify a complex pH dysregulation involving acidification of the cytoplasm and alkalinization of the lysosomes, which eventually result in membrane ceramide accumulation. Furthermore, ClGBI effects are alleviated by ARC39, a selective acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor supporting the unequivocal significance of ceramide accumulation in the process. Altogether, our results suggest that HV1 inhibition leads to cellular toxicity in polarized macrophages in a polarization-dependent manner, which occurs due to a pH dysregulation and concomitant ceramide overproduction mainly depending on the activity of acid sphingomyelinase. The reduced macrophage viability and plausible concomitant changes in homeostatic M1-M2 balance could contribute to both the therapeutic and potential side effects of HV1 inhibitors that show great promise in the treatment of neuroinflammation and malignant diseases

Non state environmental movements (Social Movements) are mitigating environmental degradation: An Overview

Non state environmental movements play a central role in developing1 and implementing international environmental law at regional and local levels. There are six categories of non state environmental groups recognized. They are the scientific community; non profit making environmental groups and associations (NGOs); private companies and business concerns; legal organizations; the academic community; and individuals.2 They play a formal role at international level in several ways: identify issues requiring international legal action; they participate as observers in international organizations, and in treaty negotiations; and they participate, formally and informally, in the national and international implementation of principles and rules adopted at the regional and global levels

Indian Democracy-Issues and Challenges

Democracy means that political institutions with democratic processes and every Indian citizen is to be democratic, reflecting basic democratic values of equality, liberty, fraternity, secularism and justice in the social environment and individual behavior. Education, poverty, social exclusion and inclusion, corruption and criminalization of politics are the main challenges of democracy and most essential elements to be present in democratic government for implementation of constitutional provisions in India. Education is an important weapon to promote democracy and it remains as essential factor of social and economic rights. But it remains as a matter of grave concern for the successful functioning of democracy in India since from independence.Poverty is a greatest set back of democracy. Social exclusion/inclusion or caste system weakens the functioning and stability of democratic system. In 2011, India was ranked 95th of 183 countries defined as corrupt in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). However, equality, good governance, civil society participation can remove these threats to have better democratic system in India