Variability in Exposure to Subspecialty Rotations During Orthopaedic Residency: A Website-based Review of Orthopaedic Residency Programs.

IntroductionThe variability in exposure to various subspecialty rotations during orthopaedic residency across the United States has not been well studied.MethodsData regarding program size, resident's sex, department leadership, university-based status of the program, outsourcing of subspecialty rotation, and geographic location were collected from websites of 151 US allopathic orthopaedic residency programs. The relationship of these factors with the time allotted for various clinical rotations was analyzed.ResultsThe number of residents in a program correlated positively with time allocated for elective rotations (r = 0.57, P = 0.0003). Residents in programs where the program director was a general orthopaedic surgeon spent more time on general orthopaedic rotations (22 versus 9.9 months, P = 0.001). Programs where the program director or chairman was an orthopaedic oncologist spent more time on oncology rotations ([3.8 versus 3 months, P = 0.01] and [3.5 versus 2.7 months, P = 0.01], respectively). Residents in community programs spent more time on adult reconstruction than university-based programs (6.6 versus 5.5 months, P = 0.014). Based on multiple linear regression analysis, time allotted for adult reconstruction (t = 2.29, P = 0.02) and elective rotations (t = 2.43, P = 0.017) was positively associated with the number of residents in the program.ConclusionsSubstantial variability exists in the time allocated to various clinical rotations during orthopaedic residency. The effect of this variability on clinical competence, trainees' career choices, and quality of patient care needs further study

Coexistence of Localized and Extended States in Disordered Systems

It is commonly believed that Anderson localized states and extended states do not coexist at the same energy. Here we propose a simple mechanism to achieve the coexistence of localized and extended states in a band in a class of disordered quasi-1D and quasi-2D systems. The systems are partially disordered in a way that a band of extended states always exists, not affected by the randomness, whereas the states in all other bands become localized. The extended states can overlap with the localized states both in energy and in space, achieving the aforementioned coexistence. We demonstrate such coexistence in disordered multi-chain and multi-layer systems.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Large Photonic Band Gaps in Certain Periodic and Quasi-Periodic Networks in two and three dimensions

The photonic band structures in certain two- and three-dimensional periodic networks made of one-dimensional waveguides are studied by using the Floquet-Bloch theorem. We find that photonic band gaps exist only in those structures where the fundamental loop exhibits anti-resonant transmission. This is also true for quasi-periodic networks in two and three dimensions, where the photonic band structures are calculated from the spectra of total transmission arising from a source inside the samples. In all the cases we have studied, it is also found that the gap positions in a network are dictated by the frequencies at which the anti-resonance occurs.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures and 1 table. Published in Phys. Rev. B, 70, 125104 (2004