Four functions of mens rea

Everyone agrees that mens rea is relevant to fault. The maxim actus non fit reus nisi mens sit rea has been around for centuries.1 According to foundational principles of the criminal law, it is normally not enough to support a conviction that D perpetrates the actus reus. Neither should it be. Causing harm to another person may be unfortunate, but the moral turpitude associated with a criminal conviction requires some element of fault. And to show that, we need mens rea

Inducing breach of contract: one tort or two?

IT is said to be a tort for D intentionally to induce C to break C’s contract with P. Where this occurs, P has an action in tort against D, quite apart from P’s action for breach of contract against C. But the rationale for this tort is controversial, and its legitimacy has been doubted by a number of commentators

Gravitational Collapse of Massless Scalar Field with Negative Cosmological Constant in (2+1) Dimensions

The 2+1-dimensional geodesic circularly symmetric solutions of Einstein-massless-scalar field equations with negative cosmological constant are found and their local and global properties are studied. It is found that one of them represents gravitational collapse where black holes are always formed.Comment: no figure

Gravastars and Black Holes of Anisotropic Dark Energy

Dynamical models of prototype gravastars made of anisotropic dark energy are constructed, in which an infinitely thin spherical shell of a perfect fluid with the equation of state $p = (1-\gamma)\sigma$ divides the whole spacetime into two regions, the internal region filled with a dark energy fluid, and the external Schwarzschild region. The models represent "bounded excursion" stable gravastars, where the thin shell is oscillating between two finite radii, while in other cases they collapse until the formation of black holes. Here we show, for the first time in the literature, a model of gravastar and formation of black hole with both interior and thin shell constituted exclusively of dark energy. Besides, the sign of the parameter of anisotropy ($p_t - p_r$) seems to be relevant to the gravastar formation. The formation is favored when the tangential pressure is greater than the radial pressure, at least in the neighborhood of the isotropic case ($\omega=-1$).Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Gen. Rel. Gra

Cytoplasmic Flow and Mixing Due to Deformation of Motile Cells.

The cytoplasm of a living cell is a dynamic environment through which intracellular components must move and mix. In motile, rapidly deforming cells such as human neutrophils, bulk cytoplasmic flow couples cell deformation to the transport and dispersion of cytoplasmic particles. Using particle-tracking measurements in live neutrophil-like cells, we demonstrate that fluid flow associated with the cell deformation contributes to the motion of small acidic organelles, dominating over diffusion on timescales above a few seconds. We then use a general physical model of particle dispersion in a deforming fluid domain to show that transport of organelle-sized particles between the cell periphery and the bulk can be enhanced by dynamic deformation comparable to that observed in neutrophils. Our results implicate an important mechanism contributing to organelle transport in these motile cells: cytoplasmic flow driven by cell shape deformation

Dynamical Evolution of an Unstable Gravastar with Zero Mass

Using the conventional gravastar model, that is, an object constituted by two components where one of them is a massive infinitely thin shell and the other one is a de Sitter interior spacetime, we physically interpret a solution characterized by a zero Schwarzschild mass. No stable gravastar is formed and it collapses without forming an event horizon, originating what we call a massive non-gravitational object. The most surprise here is that the collapse occurs with an exterior de Sitter vacuum spacetime. This creates an object which does not interact gravitationally with an outside test particle and it may evolve to a point-like topological defect.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, to appear in Astrophysics and Space Scienc