ESC-ERC recommendations for the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in Europe

The use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has a major impact in the management of cardiac arrest and substantial implications for public health. It is therefore important for the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) to join forces to develop European recommendations for legislation on defibrillation, for training in AED use and for the development of AED community programmes. To fulfil these objectives a Policy Conference was organised jointly by ESC and ERC in December 2002 at the European Heart House in Sophia Antipolis, France. The present document is the result of that policy conference and it has four key objectives: to provide a critical appraisal of the studies published in the scientific literature on the use of AEDs. To present data on the status of legislation/organisation of defibrillation by non-medically qualified rescuers in Europe. To promote recommendations for the organisation of AED programmes in Europe that were collected and discussed during the policy conference. To identify the areas in which more research is needed before evidence based guidelines for the use of AEDs can be developed

Susceptibilidade do besouro rola-bosta africano a reguladores de crescimento de insetos Susceptibility of African dung beetle to insect growth regulators

Verificou-se a ação dos reguladores de crescimento de insetos (IGR), diflubenzuron e methoprene, sobre o besouro rola-bosta africano, Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), um inimigo natural da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus). Casais de besouros foram colocados em baldes contendo terra úmida e alimentados com fezes bovinas contendo 1, 0,5 ou 0,2ppm de diflubenzuron e 0,2ppm de methoprene. Os insetos e sua prole foram recuperados com o auxílio de armadilhas pitfall. Diflubenzuron e methoprene não afetaram a sobrevivência dos adultos inicialmente expostos, mas interferiram na produção de descendentes. Diflubenzuron, nas concentrações de 1 e 0,5ppm, também afetou a duração do ciclo de vida dos besouros. Nenhum dos IGRs alterou a razão sexual dos descendentes obtidos. As concentrações testadas de diflubenzuron mostraram-se moderadamente nocivas ao besouro enquanto methoprene a 0,2ppm mostrou ser pouco nocivo, segundo os critérios da International Organization for Biological Control.<br>The effects of insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and methoprene, on African dung beetle, Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), a natural enemy of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus), was studied. Beetles were placed in buckets partially filled with humid soil and were fed bovine feces containing 1, 0.5, or 0.2ppm diflubenzuron and 0.2ppm methoprene. Insects and their progenies were recovered by pitfall traps. Diflubenzuron and methoprene did not affect the survival of the adults but reduced their progenies. Diflubenzuron 1 and 0.5ppm also affected the life cicle of the beetles. None of the IGR modified the gender ratio of the progenies. According to the IOBC criteria, diflubenzuron tested concentrations showed to be moderately harmful to the beetles, whereas methoprene 0.2ppm was slightly harmful