Logic and Truth: Some Logics without Theorems

Two types of logical consequence are compared: one, with respect to matrix and designated elements and the other with respect to ordering in a suitable algebraic structure. Particular emphasis is laid on algebraic structures in which there is no top-element relative to the ordering. The significance of this special condition is discussed. Sequent calculi for a number of such structures are developed. As a consequence it is re-established that the notion of truth as such, not to speak of tautologies, is inessential in order to define validity of an argument

Indoor pollution from solid biomass fuel and rural health damage: A micro-environmental study in rural area of Burdwan, West Bengal

AbstractEmissions from biomass combustion are a major source of indoor and outdoor air pollution, and are estimated to cause millions of premature deaths worldwide annually. In this study, we assessed the effect of exposure to biomass smoke on various health status including blood pressure, gaseous component and ventilation pattern of kitchen and living room. For this investigation, a number of measurements were done to obtain indoor air quality (IAQ) data (indoor humidity, temperature, CO, CO2 and O3 concentration). Blood pressure was measured at baseline and one hour post-exposure. Results highlighted that a higher concentration of CO2 was released during burning of dry leaf, straw, cow dung compared to that from straw and LPG gas. Moreover, correlation study showed a strong negative relationship between CO and humidity (r=−0.609, p<0.000). Symptoms like eye irritation, shortness of breath, cough and dizziness were highly prevalent among biomass users. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a strong positive (p<0.05) relationship with age of biomass users. However, wood users suffer from high systolic pressure (p<0.037). On the other hand, a very poor ventilation pattern was recorded in the studied population

Design and Implementation of a (2, 2) and a (2, 3) Visual Cryptographic Scheme

In this paper two methods for (2, 2) and (2, 3) visual cryptographic scheme(VCS) is proposed. The first scheme considers 4 pixels of input image at a time and generates 4 output pixels in each share. As 4 output pixels are generated from 4 input pixels dimension and aspect ratio of the decrypted image remain same during the process. The second scheme considers 2 pixels (1 block) of input image at a time and generates 3 output pixels in each share. Here probability of 1/3 for black pixel is maintained in each share. The scheme improves the contrast of output image. The dimension of revealed image is increased by 1.5 times in horizontal direction and remains same in vertical direction

Extreme Levels of Underweight and Stunting Among Pre-Adolescent Children of Low Socioeconomic Class from Madhyamgram and Barasat, West Bengal, India

A cross-sectional study on 1206 children (788 boys, 618 girls) aged 1–12 years, belonging to low socioeconomic status, of Barasat and Madhyamgram, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to investigate age and sex variations in height and weight. It also evaluated the levels of underweight and stunting among them. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height. Weight-for-age (WA) and height-for-age (HA) <–2 z-scores were used to evaluate underweight (UW) and stunting (ST), respectively, following the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Guidelines. Results showed that boys aged 4 and 11 years were significantly heavier than girls of corresponding ages. Boys aged 7 years were significantly taller than girls of the same age. Significant (p<0.001) age differences existed in mean weight and height in boys (weight: F=336.762; height: F=565.160) as well as girls (weight: F=275.320; height =498.715). Results also revealed that the mean z-scores of WA (WAZ) and HA (HAZ) were less than (negative values) those of NCHS for both sexes at all ages. The overall (age combined) rate of UW was 60.4% and 51.3%; while that of ST was 51.7% and 48.4%, in boys and girls, respectively. Based on World Health Organization classification of severity of malnutrition, the prevalence of UW and ST were very high (30%) in both sexes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the prevalence of UW and ST were very high among the subjects. Since the nutritional status of the subjects is not satisfactory, there is need for immediate supplementary nutrition

Work probability distribution and tossing a biased coin

We show that the rare events present in dissipated work that enters Jarzynski equality, when mapped appropriately to the phenomenon of large deviations found in a biased coin toss, are enough to yield a quantitative work probability distribution for Jarzynski equality. This allows us to propose a recipe for constructing work probability distribution independent of the details of any relevant system. The underlying framework, developed herein, is expected to be of use in modelling other physical phenomena where rare events play an important role.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

A rare case of chronic ectopic pregnancy mimicking ovarian tumor: a diagnostic dilemma

Clinical presentation of chronic ectopic pregnancy is often perplexing. The diagnosis becomes difficult due to paucity of classical signs and symptoms and at times the relevant investigations turn out to be falsely negative. We present one such case, reporting to our hospital which serves the underprivileged North Eastern population of India. The low resource set up led to limitations in our approach and here we point out the factors which led to the diagnostic dilemma. We are reporting this case because similar challenges can be faced by other clinicians who are working in set up like ours