Evidence for Endemic Chikungunya Virus Infections in Bandung, Indonesia

<div><p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is known to cause sporadic or explosive outbreaks. However, little is known about the endemic transmission of CHIKV. To ascertain the endemic occurrence of CHIKV transmission, we tested blood samples from patients with a non-dengue febrile illness who participated in a prospective cohort study of factory workers in Bandung, Indonesia. From August 2000 to June 2004, and September 2006 to April 2008, 1901 febrile episodes occurred and 231 (12.2%) dengue cases were identified. The remaining febrile cases were evaluated for possible CHIKV infection by measuring anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG antibodies in acute and convalescent samples. Acute samples of serologically positive cases were subsequently tested for the presence of CHIKV RNA by RT-PCR and/or virus isolation. A total of 135 (7.1%) CHIKV infections were identified, providing an incidence rate of 10.1/1,000 person years. CHIKV infections were identified all year round and tended to increase during the rainy season (January to March). Severe illness was not found and severe arthralgia was not a prominently reported symptom. Serial post-illness samples from nine cases were tested to obtain a kinetic picture of IgM and IgG anti-CHIKV antibodies. Anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies were persistently detected in high titers for approximately one year. Three patients demonstrated evidence of possible sequential CHIKV infections. The high incidence rate and continuous chikungunya cases in this adult cohort suggests that CHIKV is endemically transmitted in Bandung. Further characterization of the circulating strains and surveillance in larger areas are needed to better understand CHIKV epidemiology in Indonesia.</p></div

Monthly, annual total number and annual incidence rates for laboratory confirmed chikungunya (CHIK) cases.

<p>The number of CHIK cases per month is represented by skinny black rectangles. The total number of cases for a year is indicated by light gray rectangles and the incidence rate for a year is indicated by dark gray rectangles. The rectangles representing annual data are placed at the midpoint (July) for their respective year.</p

Signs, symptoms and laboratory results for CHIK cases.

<p>Signs, symptoms and laboratory results for CHIK cases.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the CHIKV isolates.

<p>Neighbor-joining tree of the structural polyprotein coding region of CHIKV. The sequences obtained in this study are highlighted in bold. Numbers indicate bootstrap values for the groups to the right.</p

Immunokinetics of anti-chikungunya virus IgM (top) and IgG (bottom).

<p>The mean +/− SD titer for each timepoint (W = weeks, M = months) after illness onset. N = the number of samples for a given timepoint.</p

Lab results for possible recurrent CHIKV infections.

<p>Lab results for possible recurrent CHIKV infections.</p