21 research outputs found
Challenging the limits of the motor system: Differential kinematic and electromyographic outcomes associated with age
The measurement and assessment of maximal voluntary rate (MVR) are essential to our understanding of the limiting factors associated with motor control of human movement. However, very little is known about the dynamic changes that occur throughout an MVR task and how these changes impact upon normal functional capacity, especially with respect to aging and selected clinical populations. The purpose of this study is to test the functional capacity of the motor system and to compare any age-related changes in kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) parameters between young and older groups. Using a simple but novel MVR task (e.g., flexion and extension of the index finger for 20 s) developed by Rodrigues and colleagues (2009), we collected data on both the dominant (right) and non-dominant index fingers. With respect to the dominant finger, both groups experienced an immediate and continuous decline in peak movement frequency and velocity of the flexor and extensor. Significant group differences were observed in amplitude and peak velocity of flexor and extensor. There was a significant group x time interaction with the older group demonstrating a progressive increase in muscle activation pattern (e.g., co-contraction) over time while the younger group maintained their initial levels relatively constant. There was an interaction with peak velocity of the extensor muscle whereby the young decreased at a faster rate than the older group. With respect to the non-dominant index finger, the median frequency of the extensor was different between groups with the young experiencing a leftward shift indicative of fatigue. The young group declined in maximal velocity of the extensor as well as the pre-post difference in maximal voluntary contraction of the extensor. Although the young group exhibited signs of peripheral fatigue on the non-dominant side only, there were no signs of peripheral fatigue on either side of the older group. We conclude that the chosen MVR task challenges the central limits of the motor system differently with age, not only in the way that the two groups respond in terms of movement kinematics and patterns of muscle activation but also in the way that elderly appear to pre-program their maximal voluntary movements. We also conclude that hand dominance plays a differential role in the outcome of the MVR task in that the non-dominant side adjusts differently to the MVR in terms of peak velocity and median frequency (extensors) and that the young appear to experience a peripheral form of fatigue that is not seen in the elderly
Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅
The article discusses the activities of modern libraries as memory institutions aimed to support multilingualism in cyberspace. The author characterizes electronic libraries and collections in national languages created by central libraries of subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the past few years libraries have stepped up work on the development of multilingualism on the Internet, creating electronic libraries in the languages of the peoples of Russia (besides Russian) and providing free access to them on their websites. National libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation play a leading role in this process, striving to create more and more electronic resources in their national languages (including Russian), with the support of state authorities at the regional and local levels, as well as international organizations. They have created such electronic libraries and collections as βElectronic library of the authors of Kareliaβ; βFinno-Ugric libraries of Russiaβ; βBashkirikaβ; βNational electronic librariesβ of the Udmurt Republic, the Republic of Adygea and Komi Republic; βElectronic collection of books in languages of Erzya and Mokshaβ created by the Pushkin National Library of the Republic of Mordovia; Tatar electronic library; Electronic collection βLiterary palette of the Chuvash Republic β 100 books for readingβ; and Electronic library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Mainly the collections include electronic copies of publications that are not subject to copyright; however, there are works of modern authors as well. Electronic collections in national languages of regional libraries are few, among them there are such collections as βIndigenous ethnic groups of Sakhalinβ of the Sakhalin regional universal scientific library and Electronic library βKola Northβ of the Murmansk state regional universal scientific library. Thanks to the activities of the Central regional libraries, the presence of languages of the titular ethnic groups, as well as indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East in the Russian segment of the Internet has increased.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ) ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
(Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ), ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΈΒ»; Β«Π€ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ»; Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β»; Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΒ» Π£Π΄ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ΄ΡΠ³Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈ; Β«ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Β» ΠΠ ΠΈΠΌ. Π.Π‘. ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π° Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ; Π’Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°; ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π§ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ β 100 ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ»; ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π‘Π°Ρ
Π° (Π―ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ). Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π‘Π°Ρ
Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Β» Π‘Π°Ρ
Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ£ΠΠ); ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Β«ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΒ» ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ£ΠΠ. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°, Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ : ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
The modern public libraries of our country are involved in the activities on implementation of the state national and cultural policy. Lately their priority targets have focused on ensuring interethnic harmony in society, conceived by the libraries as the work aimed at the development of intercultural dialogue. The article highlights theoretical and practical aspects of the development of intercultural dialogue in public libraries. The definition of intercultural dialogue as a process aimed at open and polite communication between different peoples, based on mutual understanding and respect, is given. The library activities can promote fostering skills and creating environment for its widening. The author shows that the basics of the modern intercultural library activities was laid by the work of Soviet mass libraries aimed at studying the reading interests of the peoples in the multinational USSR and taking part in their international education. At present, the libraries contribute to the development of titular ethnic groups national cultures and facilitate the process of mutual enrichment of cultures of different peoples of our country in accordance with βThe Foundations of the State Cultural Policyβ. Theoretical basis of intercultural library activities is supplemented by the dissertation research works defended in the different regions of our country. It allows to conclude that in the general structure of the modern library science there has been formed an independent discipline named the βLibrary Ethnologyβ. To become one of the main translators of the state national and cultural policy the public libraries have developed their own approaches resulted in creating Centers for ethnic interaction and intercultural communication, as well as the Centers of national literatures. As a rule, the main goal of their activities is creation of the conditions for the development of intercultural and interethnic relations among the users, basing on the values of multinational Russian society, the respect of the rights and freedoms of individual, and maintenance of multi-ethnic peace and conciliation in the region.Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΒ β ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°.Β Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΒ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Β«ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ». Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉΒ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π», ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΒ». ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ.Β ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅: ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
The article highlights the directions of library activities in multicultural environment. The author presents definition of multicultural environment and notes that public libraries become cultural and educational centres. The article considers the main tasks and directions of work of libraries in the multicultural environment. Among the tasks facing the libraries are the following: creation of conditions for intercultural and interconfessional dialogue, education of tolerant thinking among the younger generation, socio-cultural mediation between migrants and the local community, the promotion of social cohesion of Russian society. The main goal of the activities of libraries in multicultural environment is their involvement in the implementation of the state cultural and national policy. Therefore, the libraries consider their main task in preservation and development of ethnic cultures and languages of all peoples living in our country. The most common areas of work of libraries are organization of ethno-cultural mass events, development of multilingual collections, creation of multilingual electronic resources, cooperation with local authorities and government agencies, educational institutions, national and cultural associations and various public organizations, assistance in the process of adaptation of migrants and refugees to the conditions of new social environment, creation of language educational centres in libraries for all members of the local community, participation in sociological research, methodological support of library activities in multicultural environment. Annual analytical reports of public libraries over the last three years demonstrate the significant increase of their activities in multicultural environment. The article presents the results of survey of the Gasprinsky Republican Crimean Tatar Library on the topic: βDo you know the traditions of your people?β The author concludes that the activities of library in multicultural environment contributes to its development as a cultural and educational centre. Cooperation with local authorities, educational institutions, national cultural associations, public organizations testifies to the importance of libraries and their recognition as active participants in the process of social cohesion of Russian society.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Β». ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅: ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΊ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΎ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ: ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ. Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: Β«ΠΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈ ΠΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°?Β». ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
The current methodological support of ethno-cultural activities of public libraries is analyzed. There are described its main areas: publication of methodological materials and organization of the scientific conferences and seminars. There is characterized the formed theoretical basis allowing to determine the further ways of the development of ethno-cultural activities. The contemporary regional schools of library and ethnic research are presented. There is revealed the value of libraries ethno-cultural activities in the context of the main documents of the national and cultural policy of the Russian Federation: βThe Basic Principles of State Cultural Policyβ, βStrategy of State National Policy up to 2025β, βThe Concept of State Policy on Migration up to 2025β. The attention is paid to the role of libraries as informational, cultural and educational centres in the process of integration and adaptation of migrants. The regional libraries best practices (Perm, Nizhny Tagil) aimed at migrants cultural and speech adaptation are described. The definition of a modern public library as the centre of inter-ethnic and inter-cultural interaction is embodied in the Model Standard of the Public library activities. The characteristics of multicultural composition of population of the Russian Federation and the specific features of its service are presented.ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Β«ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ», Β«Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2025 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β», Β«ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2025 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Β». Π£Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΡ, ΠΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π’Π°Π³ΠΈΠ»), Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Binocular vision adaptively suppresses delayed monocular signals
A neutral density filter placed before one eye will produce a dichoptic imbalance in luminance, which attenuates responses to visual stimuli and lags neural signals from retina to cortex in the filtered eye. When stimuli are presented to both the filtered and unfiltered eye (i.e., binocularly), neural responses show little attenuation and no lag compared with their baseline counterpart. This suggests that binocular visual mechanisms must suppress the attenuated and delayed input from the filtered eye; however, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we used a Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) technique to measure neural responses to monocularly and binocularly presented stimuli while observers wore an ND filter in front of their dominant eye. These data were well-described by a binocular summation model, which received the sinusoidal contrast modulation of the stimulus as input. We incorporated the influence of the ND filter with an impulse response function, which adjusted the input magnitude and phase in a biophysically plausible manner. The model captured the increase in attenuation and lag of neural signals for stimuli presented to the filtered eye as a function of filter strength, while also generating the filter phase-invariant responses from binocular presentation for EEG and psychophysical data. These results clarify how binocular visual mechanismsβspecifically interocular suppressionβcan suppress the delayed and attenuated signals from the filtered eye and maintain normal neural signals under imbalanced luminance conditions
ΠΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° (Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° XX Π². Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ)
On the stages of creation of the Russian books collection (Slavic collection) of the Yale university library. The archival materials of the library are made public; sources of accessions to the collection are described in the paper.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ (ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ) Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
, Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Interocular interaction of contrast and luminance signals in human primary visual cortex
Interocular interaction in the visual system occurs under dichoptic conditions when contrast and luminance are imbalanced between the eyes. Human psychophysical investigations suggest that interocular interaction can be explained by a contrast normalization model. However, the neural processes that underlie such interactions are still unresolved. We set out to assess, for the first time, the proposed normalization model of interocular contrast interactions using magnetoencephalography and to extend this model to incorporate interactions based on interocular luminance differences. We used magnetoencephalography to record steady-state visual evoked responses (SSVER), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to obtain individual retinotopic maps that we used in combination with MEG source imaging in healthy participants. Binary noise stimuli were presented in monocular or dichoptic viewing and were frequency-tagged at 4 and 6 Hz. The contrast of the stimuli was modulated in a range between 0 and 32%. Monocularly, we reduced the luminance by placing a 1.5 ND filter over one eye in the maximal contrast condition. This ND filter reduces the mean light level by a factor of 30 without any alteration to the physical contrast. We observed in visual area V1 a monotonic increase in the magnitude of SSVERs with changes in contrast from 0 to 32%. For both eyes, dichoptic masking induced a decrease in SSVER signal power. This power decrease was well explained by the normalization model. Reducing mean luminance delayed monocular processing by approximately 38 ms in V1. The reduced luminance also decreased the masking ability of the eye under the filter. Predictions based on a temporal filtering model for the interocular luminance difference prior to the model's binocular combination stage were incorporated to update the normalization model. Our results demonstrate that the signals resulting from different contrast or luminance stimulation of the two eyes are combined in a way that can be explained by an interocular normalization model
Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°
The Article introduces the use of Crowdsourcing method in creation of California Digital Newspaper Collection and Cambridge Public Library (USA). There are presented the results of study conducted in February-March, 2013 among the users of these Libraries.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΆΠ° (Π‘Π¨Π). ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Π΅-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 2013 Π³. ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ