DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NEW AND STABILITY INDICATING LC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF PINAVERIUM BROMIDE IN BULK DRUG AND PHARMA- CEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

ABSTRACT A simple, rapid, and stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic assay method was developed for pinaverium bromide in the presence of its degradation products generated from decomposition studies.LC separation was achieved isocratic mode on a Zorbax SB C8 (4.6x250) mm, 5 µm column using mobile phase containing solution A (0.1% ortho phosphoric acid) with solution B (acetonitrile) (30:70) (v/v) at flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The UV detector was operated at 245 nm and temperature was 25˚C. The retention time was 4.84 min and linearity was observed in the concentration range of 20-150µg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The percentage relative standard deviation in accuracy and precision studies was found to be less than 2%. The method was successfully validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. pinaverium bromide undergoes degradation under acidic, basic, oxidation, dry heat and photolytic conditions, degradation impurities did not interfere with the retention time of pinaverium bromide, and assay method is thus stability indicating

Chitin Binding Proteins Act Synergistically with Chitinases in Serratia proteamaculans 568

Genome sequence of Serratia proteamaculans 568 revealed the presence of three family 33 chitin binding proteins (CBPs). The three Sp CBPs (Sp CBP21, Sp CBP28 and Sp CBP50) were heterologously expressed and purified. Sp CBP21 and Sp CBP50 showed binding preference to β-chitin, while Sp CBP28 did not bind to chitin and cellulose substrates. Both Sp CBP21 and Sp CBP50 were synergistic with four chitinases from S. proteamaculans 568 (Sp ChiA, Sp ChiB, Sp ChiC and Sp ChiD) in degradation of α- and β-chitin, especially in the presence of external electron donor (reduced glutathione). Sp ChiD benefited most from Sp CBP21 or Sp CBP50 on α-chitin, while Sp ChiB and Sp ChiD had major advantage with these Sp CBPs on β-chitin. Dose responsive studies indicated that both the Sp CBPs exhibit synergism ≥0.2 µM. The addition of both Sp CBP21 and Sp CBP50 in different ratios to a synergistic mixture did not significantly increase the activity. Highly conserved polar residues, important in binding and activity of CBP21 from S. marcescens (Sm CBP21), were present in Sp CBP21 and Sp CBP50, while Sp CBP28 had only one such polar residue. The inability of Sp CBP28 to bind to the test substrates could be attributed to the absence of important polar residues

Effects of agricultural market imperfections on rural multidimensional poverty: Evidence from the Sidama region of Ethiopia

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between agricultural market imperfections and multidimensional rural poverty in Ethiopia’s Sidama Region in 2022. And this study used qualitative and quantitative methodologies. A multi-stage sampling method was used to select 400 sample sizes. Descriptive statistics method was used to find out modes of agricultural market imperfections, and Tobit model was employed to capture the effects of agricultural market imperfections on multidimensional rural poverty. And the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) technique was employed to measure the severity of multidimensional rural poverty. Apart from what they have traditionally done by themselves, about 23% of people lack knowledge about how to produce and where to sell using modernized information. The Tobit model was also employed to figure out how market imperfections affected multidimensional poverty in the study area. This study showed that 43% of farmers transport their goods by carrying them on their shoulders to the market. For farmers with asymmetric information, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) is expected to have a value of 0.4354 higher than those with symmetric information. Furthermore, the Tobit model’s findings showed that labor, improved seed, farm size, cooperative membership, and commercialization experience significantly negatively impacted multidimensional rural poverty. And asymmetric information, transaction cost, and infrastructure inaccessibility had a statistically significant and positive impact on multidimensional poverty. Hence, improving input usage and creating access to agricultural market information is a foundation for reducing multidimensional rural poverty

Alzheimer's disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus: the cholinesterase connection?

Abstract Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus tend to occur together. We sought to identify protein(s) common to both conditions that could suggest a possible unifying pathogenic role. Using human neuronal butyrylcholinesterase (AAH08396.1) as the reference protein we used BLAST Tool for protein to protein comparison in humans. We found three groups of sequences among a series of 12, with an E-value between 0–12, common to both Alzheimer's disease and diabetes: butyrylcholinesterase precursor K allele (NP_000046.1), acetylcholinesterase isoform E4-E6 precursor (NP_000656.1), and apoptosis-related acetylcholinesterase (1B41|A). Butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase related proteins were found common to both Alzheimer's disease and diabetes; they may play an etiological role via influencing insulin resistance and lipid metabolism.</p

Ultrasonicated, Nano-ZnO Catalyzed Green Synthesis of <i>α</i>-Hydroxyphosphonates and their Antioxidant Activity

<div><p>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT</p><p></p></div

Synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of new phenyl <i>N,N′-</i>phenylphosphorodiamidates

<p></p> <p>A series of new biologically active phenyl N,N<b>^′-</b>phenyl phosphorodiamidates were synthesized by reacting phenyl phenylphosphoramidochoridate with various amines. All the newly synthesized compounds <b>3a-j</b> were tested for their antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and nitric oxide (NO) methods. In all the three methods the compounds <b>3c</b> (phenyl N-(6-methoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N′-phenyl-phosphorodiamidate) and <b>3e</b> (phenyl N-(5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-N′-phenylphosphorodiamidate) showed good radical scavenging activity.</p

Epimeric Excolides from the Stems of <i>Excoecaria agallocha</i> and Structural Revision of Rhizophorin A

Excolides A–B (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>) represent the first examples of a new class of secolabdanoids with an unprecedented framework, which were isolated from the stems of <i>Excoecaria agallocha</i>. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, chemical modifications, CD, and single-crystal X-ray analysis (<b>1</b> and <b>4</b>) as excolide A (<b>1</b>), 11-<i>epi</i>-excolide A (<b>2</b>), 11,13-di-<i>epi</i>-excolide A (<b>3</b>), and excolide B (<b>4</b>). In addition, the structure of rhizophorin A (<b>7</b>), a novel bicyclic secolabdanoid, was revised as excolide A (<b>1</b>)

Epimeric Excolides from the Stems of <i>Excoecaria agallocha</i> and Structural Revision of Rhizophorin A

Excolides A–B (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>) represent the first examples of a new class of secolabdanoids with an unprecedented framework, which were isolated from the stems of <i>Excoecaria agallocha</i>. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, chemical modifications, CD, and single-crystal X-ray analysis (<b>1</b> and <b>4</b>) as excolide A (<b>1</b>), 11-<i>epi</i>-excolide A (<b>2</b>), 11,13-di-<i>epi</i>-excolide A (<b>3</b>), and excolide B (<b>4</b>). In addition, the structure of rhizophorin A (<b>7</b>), a novel bicyclic secolabdanoid, was revised as excolide A (<b>1</b>)