From speciation to introgressive hybridization: the phylogeographic structure of an island subspecies of termite, Reticulitermes lucifugus corsicus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although much research has been carried out into European <it>Reticulitermes </it>taxonomy in recent years, there is still much discussion about phylogenetic relationships. This study investigated the evolution from intra- to interspecific phylogeny in the island subspecies <it>Reticulitermes lucifugus corsicus </it>and threw new light on this phenomenon. An integrative approach based on microsatellites and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences was used to analyze samples taken from a wide area around the Tyrrhenian sea and showed how the subspecies evolved from its origins to its most recent form on continental coasts.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to mitochondrial phylogeny and molecular clock calculations, island and continental taxa diverged significantly by vicariance in the Pleistocene glacial period. However, more recently, numerous migrations, certainly human-mediated, affected the structure of the populations. This study provided evidence of direct hybridization and multiple introgressions which occurred in several hybrid areas. Analysis using STRUCTURE based on microsatellite data identified a population in Provence (France) which differed considerably (Fst = 0.477) from populations on the island of Corsica and in Tuscany in the Italian peninsula. This new population, principally distributed in urban areas, is highly heterogeneous especially within the ITS2 regions where homogenization by concerted evolution does not appear to have been completed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study provides an unusual picture of genetic interaction between termite populations in the Tyrrhenian area and suggests that more attention should be paid to the role of introgression and human impact on the recent evolution of European termites.</p

INFLUÊNCIA DE VARIÁVEIS AMBIENTAIS NAS FUNÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS DE ESCARABEÍNEOS EM SISTEMAS DE USO DO SOLO NO CAPARAÓ CAPIXABA

As funções ecológicas realizadas pelos besouros escarabeíneos, ou “rola-bostas”, foram estudadas nos três principais sistemas de uso do solo da região do Caparaó Capixaba: lavouras de café, pastagens e fragmentos florestais. Nos ambientes de florestas foi observada uma maior quantidade média de fezes enterradas em relação aos cafezais, já nas pastagens não houve diferenças significativas com os demais sistemas de uso do solo. As correlações entre as variáveis ambientais e as funções ecológicas estudadas puderam nos mostrar a influência da composição do solo e do tipo de vegetação sobre o enterrio de fezes e revolvimento do solo realizados pelos besouros. A complexidade da vegetação, medida através da dimensão fractal da vegetação indicou uma maior complexidade estrutural na floresta em relação à pastagem. O trabalho auxiliou no entendimento do funcionamento dos principais sistemas de uso do solo da região do Caparaó Capixaba

Social context and reproductive potential affect worker reproductive decisions in a eusocial insect.

Context-dependent decision-making conditions individual plasticity and is an integrant part of alternative reproductive strategies. In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), the discovery of worker reproductive parasitism recently challenged the view of workers as a homogeneous collective entity and stressed the need to consider them as autonomous units capable of elaborate choices which influence their fitness returns. The reproductive decisions of individual workers thus need to be investigated and taken into account to understand the regulation of reproduction in insect societies. However, we know virtually nothing about the proximate mechanisms at the basis of worker reproductive decisions. Here, we test the hypothesis that the capacity of workers to reproduce in foreign colonies lies in their ability to react differently according to the colonial context and whether this reaction is influenced by a particular internal state. Using the bumble bee Bombus terrestris, we show that workers exhibit an extremely high reproductive plasticity which is conditioned by the social context they experience. Fertile workers reintroduced into their mother colony reverted to sterility, as expected. On the contrary, a high level of ovary activity persisted in fertile workers introduced into a foreign nest, and this despite more frequent direct contacts with the queen and the brood than control workers. Foreign workers' reproductive decisions were not affected by the resident queen, their level of fertility being similar whether or not the queen was removed from the host colony. Workers' physiological state at the time of introduction is also of crucial importance, since infertile workers failed to develop a reproductive phenotype in a foreign nest. Therefore, both internal and environmental factors appear to condition individual reproductive strategies in this species, suggesting that more complex decision-making mechanisms are involved in the regulation of worker reproduction than previously thought

A scientific note on the lack of nepotism in queen larval feeding during emergency queen rearing in a naturally mated honey bee colony

International audienc

Modulation of pheromone trail strength with food quality in Pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis

International audienc

Pre-existing differences in putative fertility signals give workers the upper hand in ant reproductive hierarchies

International audienceIn social groups, competition often gives rise to conflicts, which are regulated through a variety of mechanisms. In several social insect species, the conflict for male production that takes place between workers after queen loss, is regulated through the establishment of a reproductive hierarchy. A recent study of Neoponera apicalis showed that workers differ in their fertility levels in the presence of the queen and proposed that such idiosyncratic differences might influence access to the top of the hierarchy after queen loss. In this study, we therefore sought to characterize the influence of the initial heterogeneity in ovarian development and its chemical and behavioural correlates on the establishment of reproductive hierarchies among orphaned workers, which can only produce males. We monitored the chemical profile before and after hierarchy establishment in four groups of orphaned workers of N. apicalis morph 6. The analysis of the cuticular profiles showed that tricosane (n-C23) was highly correlated with ovarian development and could consequently act as a fertility signal in this ant. The relative amount of tricosane on the cuticle, both before and after the establishment of the hierarchy, was also correlated with the rank achieved within the hierarchy and with the expression of agonistic behaviours. Thus, our study experimentally shows that idiosyncratic differences in a putative fertility signal (and therefore presumably in ovarian activity) between workers in the queen's presence reliably predict the outcome of reproductive conflict after queen loss. We propose that this signal (together with an increased agonistic motivation of the more fertile workers) could play a major role in the regulation of dominance/submission behaviours, enabling the most fertile individuals to rapidly access top ranks and monopolize reproduction, thereby maximizing the global reproductive success of all colony workers while minimizing the costs associated with the expression of agonistic behaviour

Absence of Nepotism in Worker–Queen Care in Polygynous Colonies of the Ant Ectatomma tuberculatum

International audienceThe question of the occurrence of nepotism in insect societies is central to inclusive fitness theory. Here we investigated the existence of nepotism in the facultative polygynous ant Ectatomma tuberculatum because various characteristics of this species may have favored the evolution of nepotistic behavior toward queens. We thus studied worker–queen care toward their mother queen vs. an unrelated unfamiliar queen, to determine if workers cared preferentially for their mother. Although we tried to facilitate the expression of nepotistic behaviors, we did not detect significant nepotism confirming the general trend of an absence of nepotism in social insects. We discuss about the specific causes that can explain the absence of nepotism in E. tuberculatum regarding the particular social organization of this species and its ecological dominance in the mosaic of arboreal ants

Absence of nepotism toward imprisoned young queens during swarming in the honey bee

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Time till death affects spider mobility and web-building behavior during web construction in an orb-web spider

International audienceIt is well known that age influences organism mobility. This was demonstrated in vertebrates (such as mammals and birds) but has been less studied in invertebrates with the exception of Drosophila and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we studied the influence of age on the mobility of the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata during web construction. The orb-web is a good model because it has a characteristic geometrical structure and video tracking can be used to easily follow the spider's movements during web building. We investigated the influence of age (specifically chronological age, life span, and time till death) on different parameters of spider mobility during the construction of the capture spiral (distance traveled, duration of construction, spider velocity, spider movement, and spider inactivity) with a generalized linearmodel (GLM) procedure adjusted for the spidermass. The results showed that neither chronological age, nor life span affected the mobility parameters. However, when the time till death decreased, there was a decrease in the distance traveled, the duration of the construction of the capture spiral, and the spider movement. The spider velocity and the time of inactivity were not affected. These results could be correlated with a decrease in the length of the silky thread deposited for the construction of the capture spiral. Spiders with a shorter time till death built smaller web using less silk. Thus, our study suggests strongly that time till death affects spider mobility during web construction but not the chronological age and thus may be a good indicator of senescence