Estimation of pre-exercise hydration status of Mexican college athletes

INTRODUCTION: The state of hydration is a very important aspect for athletes and coaches. According to NATA and ACSM athletes must be educated to maintain a good state of hydration and thus obtain better results. PURPOSE: To determine the state of hydration, before the sport practice of athletes (males) that belong to representative sports. METHODS: Seventy-five males college athletes, physically active and apparently healthy, were voluntarily recruited. They had an average height of 174.8 ± 7.4cm, weight 87.2 ± 24.0kg and age 21.3 ± 2.4 years. The athletes attended the study on a single spontaneous occasion, prior to the training session. Were given a questionnaire of hydration habits and a urine container (to collect a urine sample of their own). The urine gravity (UG) was determined by a urinary refractometer (ATAGO, Master-Sur/Na). RESULTS: Athletes had a urine gravity of 1.024 ± 0.006UG, finding maximum values up to 1.033 UG. Only 2.6% of the study population was well hydrated (1.030UG), which means a loss of fluid of 2%, 4% and more than 5% of total body weight for hypohydration conditions. Athletes mentioned that during and one hour after exercise they drink 762.3 ± 560.2mL and 644.4 ± 362.2mL respectively, either water or isotonic drink. However, these liquid volume did not compensated the water deficiency with which they begin the practice of the exercise. CONCLUSION: Before the training, 97.4% of the subjects presented different level of hypohydration, including very severe hypohydration state. The fluid ingested after the training session did not disappear the hydration deficiency with which they begin the exercise

Respuesta de una comunidad de peces ante un impacto ambiental en boca camaronera, Alvarado, Veracruz

Were studied effects of a dredge process on a estuarine fish community associated to Ruppia maritima bed from Camaronera Lagoon, Alvarado, Veracruz, México, between 1988 to 1989. Were assesed ecological fish community parameters (species richness, diversity, evennes, dominance) in both years, besides ecological and trophic categories of each fish species.Ecological parameters not showed significant variations ocassioned by dredge process in lagoon's estuarine in let, however there were modifications in ecological and trophic kinds related with anomalous values of salinity regime, this fact explains an increased number of fresh-water fishes species in 1989, also trophic relationships seem affected changes in food chains, wich detritivore fishes were more abundant same year.Se estudiaron los efectos del proceso de dragado en una comunidad estuarina de peces asociada a un lecho Ruppia maritina, en Laguna Camaronera, Alvarado, Veracruz, entre 1988 y 1989. Se determinaron parámetros ecológicos de la comunidad de peces (riqueza de especies, diversidad, equitatividad y dominancia) en ambos años, además de la categoría ecológica y trófica de cada especie.Los parámetros ecológicos no mostraron variaciones significativas ocasionadas por el dragado de la boca de comunicación de la laguna; sin embargo, sucedieron modificaciones en características ecológicas cualitativas como las categorias ecológicas y tróficas de la comunidad relacionadas a valores anómalos en la salinidad, este hecho explica el incremento en el número de especies de peces dulceacuícolas en 1989, también las relaciones tróficas parecen afectadas debido a cambios en las cadenas alimenticias, en las que predominaron los peces con hábitos alimenticios detritívoros en el mismo año

Spontaneous Symmetry Breakdown in non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics

The advantages and disadvantages of some pedagogical non-relativistic quantum-mechanical models, used to illustrate spontaneous symmetry breakdown, are discussed. A simple quantum-mechanical toy model (a spinor on the line, subject to a magnetostatic interaction) is presented, that exhibits the spontaneous breakdown of an internal symmetry.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1111.1213. Equations (30) and (31) have been corrected. Other minor correction

Aseptic meningitis in a patient taking etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis: a case report

Background \ud We report a case of a 53 year old lady recently commenced on etanercept, an anti-TNF (tumour necrosis factor) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis presenting with \ud confusion, pyrexia and an erythematous rash. \ud \ud Case presentation \ud A lumbar puncture was highly suggestive of bacterial meningitis, but CSF cultures produced no growth, and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for all previously reported bacterial, fungal and viral causes of meningitis were negative. \ud \ud Conclusions \ud This case report describes aseptic meningitis as a previously unreported complication of etanercept therapy, and serves as a reminder of the rare but potentially lifethreatening risk of serious infections in patients taking anti-TNF therapy for a variety of conditions