Akut lenfoblastik lösemi (ALL) ve kronik miyeloid lösemi (KML) hücre hatları arasındaki metabolit varyasyonun triple kuadrupol LC-MS ̇ile değerlendirilmesi.

Hematologic cancers have two origins: myeloid and lymphoid. While lymphatic leukemia, originate from the lymphoid cell line, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) originate from the myeloid cell line. CML is granulocyte cancer and in this disease, as well as granulocytes, the number of cells that cause blood clotting, which are called platelets, may increase in the blood. In CML, a non-hereditary genetic abnormality, Philadelphia chromosome, where a structural change occurs in chromosome 22, is seen in blood cells. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), on the other hand, is caused by abnormally uncontrolled and excessive proliferation of lymphoblasts. ALL is responsible for 80% of childhood leukemia and is common between 3-7 years of age. It can also be seen in adults and accounts for 20% of all adult leukemia. Interestingly, it was recorded that CML in its blast phase can turn into acute leukemia. It is not known which mutations cause this conversion. Since all leukemia subtypes stem from the bone marrow, the gold standard for the diagnosis of leukemia types is genetic testing via invasive bone marrow biopsy, but it has a healing process and can have psychological impacts, especially on children, thus recently, metabolomics, non-invasive and fast methods that can help in early diagnosis are being studied in leukemia. The cells obtained via bone marrow biopsy are examined for chromosomal abnormalities with cytogenetics analysis. In this study, the metabolic differences of Jurkat (ALL) and K562 (CML-BP) cell lines were aimed to be evaluated using HPLC-MS. Quantitative and quasi-quantitative studies were held to have an idea on the amounts of metabolites in each cell line. After measuring the concentrations of lactic acid and citric acid with the use of their authentic standards, a mass screening was performed on both cell lines, and it was seen that the metabolisms that are mainly affected during the conversion are tyrosine, arginine and proline, and glutathione metabolisms. Thus, existence of indicator metabolites of these related pathways were scanned. Intensities of the confirmed metabolites were compared. This study is the first metabolomics study that focuses on the blastic transformation of CML to ALL. Results of this study can be used in further studies to define a differentiating pattern for CML and ALL.Thesis (M.S.) -- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Biotechnology

Effect of Design on Bone Tissue Scaffolds Produced via 3D Printer

The design of the bone scaffolds changes and develops with the developing technology and production methods. Degenerative diseases which are one of the design needs like osteoporosis, result in bone pathologies such as, degeneration and loss of bone tissue, adversely affecting quality of life and living standards. Therefore, the development of three-dimensional bioactive bone tissue scaffolds for bone regeneration come into prominence in tissue engineering. Polymers and bioactive ceramics are used as biomaterials designed for bone tissue engineering applications that bone tissue structure can be successfully imitated. Bone tissue scaffolds produced with hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glasses have a clinical potential for bone regeneration due to their high biocompatibility and binding properties to bone tissue. However, the mechanical properties of HA and bioactive glass bone tissue scaffolds, which are designed to be porous like bone tissue, are not particularly suitable for load bearing applications. HA based composites are produced by adding secondary phases such as ceramic, metal, polymer, and glass to improve the mechanical properties. A variety of manufacturing methods such as stereolithography, powder layered fusion material extrusion, binder jetting and three-dimensional (3D) printing are applied to fabricate bone tissue scaffolds according to the printing principles and selection of materials. Conventional methods offer limited control over pore size, geometry, and interdependence for this production. However, 3D printing technologies have evolved, progress has been recorded in the ability to control bone micro-architecture